6,000 displaced people are now being forced to leave Beit Lahia, leaving their homes in search of shelter that does not exist in Gaza City.
The question that imposes itself: Where will these families go in light of the overcrowding of the shelters and the lack of provision of tents? The families and their children will face a tragic fate, sleeping in the streets and under the open sky, amidst the bitter cold and the lack of the most basic necessities of life.
Currently, the price of a 25kg bag of flour in Gaza has escalated to $300 due to blockades and shortages. By urging the United Nations to invoke Resolution 377 for an emergency session to authorize military action, we could enable airdrops or break the maritime blockade. Such actions would dramatically reduce the cost of flour to $25 or less, making essential goods accessible to the people of Gaza once again.
Ordinarily, the United Nations would independently conclude the urgency to invoke Resolution 377, assemble an emergency session of the General Assembly, and authorize military action to safeguard the people of Gaza and ensure the delivery of humanitarian aid without obstruction.
Yet, anticipating fierce opposition from the occupying force, these steps have been withheld. It's crucial, therefore, for civil society to apply relentless pressure on the UN.
We must persistently question the UN's inaction regarding Resolution 377, demanding accountability and pushing for decisive measures, including military action, to restore peace and protect human rights.
Ordinarily, the United Nations would independently recognize the need to invoke Resolution 377, convene an emergency session of the General Assembly, and authorize military action to protect the people in Gaza and ensure unimpeded access for humanitarian aid.
But they know that the savage occupation will be spitting venom if they act. It is therefore imperative for civil society to exert continuous pressure on the UN.
We must consistently inquire why Resolution 377 has not been activated, pushing for accountability and action towards peace and humanitarian relief.
UNGA Resolution 377, "Uniting for Peace," allows the General Assembly to recommend collective action, including military force, if the Security Council can't due to veto issues, to maintain or restore peace. https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1864006487623758319
Beit Lahia is being besieged, starved, and silently exterminated. Dozens of martyrs under the rubble without being recovered Families are trapped, without hospitals, without civil defense, without food, without water. Martyrs in the streets without burial, crimes and massacres committed in broad daylight.
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The General Assembly adopted on Tuesday afternoon, New York time, two resolutions under the item of the Palestinian question, the first on the mandate of the Palestinian people in the United Nations Secretariat, and the other on the peaceful solution to the Palestinian question, which this year included the call to hold an international conference next June at the United Nations in New York, chaired by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and France, and its foundations, mechanisms and objectives. The first resolution received 101 votes.
In his favor 27 against 42 abstentions the second on 157 in his favor 8 against him 7 abstentions.
Dr. Riyad Mansour stated that this overwhelming vote in favor of a peaceful political solution and holding an international conference, and the vote of countries such as Canada and others, confirms the almost unanimous readiness of the countries of the world to find a just and permanent solution to the Palestinian issue based on international law and relevant UN resolutions and accountability. Accordingly, Palestine welcomes this strong and comprehensive international position and thanks the countries that voted in favor of the resolution.
ุงุชู
ูู ุงู ุชููู ุฌู
ูุน ุงููุงุฆูุงุช ูู ูู ู
ูุงู ุณุนูุฏุฉ ูุญุฑุฉ ูุงู ุชุณุงูู
ุงูุงููุงุฑ ูุงูููู
ุงุช ูุงูุฃูุนุงู ูู ุญูุงุชู ุจุทุฑููุฉ ู
ุง ูู ุชูู ุงูุณุนุงุฏุฉ ููู ุชูู ุงูุญุฑูุฉ ููุฌู
ูุน ุงูุญุฑูุฉ ููุฌู
ูุน ! ุชุญุฑูุฑ ููุณุทูู!
The world's most moral army...
7 martyrs and 8 wounded, including children and women, as a result of the Israeli occupation army targeting a school in the Al-Zeitoun neighborhood, north of the Gaza Strip https://x.com/HossamShabat/status/1864033535268368391
The United Nations must immediately invoke Resolution 377 "Uniting for Peace" to
1.) convene an emergency meeting of UNGA
2.) authorize military action
3.) establish a no-fly zone above Gaza
4.) ensure unimpeded access for humanitarian aid.
Feel the sorrow, feel the pain,
that you are causing once again.
Reverse the torment you create,
and turn on you a crueler fate.
All your cruelty, spite and hate,
shall be your own decided fate.
All ill-will you send our way,
shall return, three times three.
Watch the moment when the Zionist army kidnapped 5 Palestinian doctors from a hospital in Tubas (West Bank), imitating in the West Bank the same crimes they are perpetrating in the Gaza Strip.
"Israel" can kidnap, torture and murder Palestinian doctors on a daily basis with total impunity and it is not even reported in the media.
Can we please stop calling what is going on in Gaza a war? A war is when trained, armed and uniformed combatants fights each other. When trained and armed soldiers murder defenseless civilians, that's a war crime and in this case, more specific, a genocide.
ุฑุฃูุช ุงูู
ุฏููุฉ ุงูู
ูุฏุณุฉุ ุงููุฏุณ ุงูุฌุฏูุฏุฉุ ุชูุฒู ู
ู ุงูุณู
ุงุก ู
ู ุนูุฏ ุงูููุ ู
ุนุฏุฉ ูุนุฑูุณ ู
ุฒููุฉ ูุฒูุฌูุง. ูุณู
ุนุช ุตูุชุงู ุนุธูู
ุงู ู
ู ุงูุนุฑุด ูููู: "ุงูุธุฑูุง! ู
ุณูู ุงููู ุงูุขู ู
ุน ุงููุงุณุ ูุณูุณูู ู
ุนูู
. ุณูููููู ุดุนุจูุ ูุงููู ููุณู ุณูููู ู
ุนูู
ูุณูููู ุฅูููู
. ุณูู
ุณุญ ูู ุฏู
ุนุฉ ู
ู ุฃุนูููู
. ูู ูููู ููุงู ู
ูุช ุฃู ุญุฏุงุฏ ุฃู ุจูุงุก ุฃู ุฃูู
ุจุนุฏ ุงูุขูุ ูุฃู ุงููุธุงู
ุงููุฏูู
ููุฃุดูุงุก ูุฏ ู
ุถู.
-- ุฑุคูุง 21:2-4
I saw the Holy City, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride beautifully dressed for her husband. And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, "Look! Godโs dwelling place is now among the people, and he will dwell with them. They will be his people, and God himself will be with them and be their God. He will wipe every tear from their eyes. There will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the old order of things has passed away."
--Revelation 21:2-4
A ceasefire deal with Israel is not worth the paper it's written on. https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1863759875429355721
It's always the same:
1. **1948 Ceasefire Agreements (Armistice Agreements with Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria)**:
- Israel was accused by Arab states of violating these agreements through military actions in the demilitarized zones, particularly with Syria.
2. **1967 Ceasefire after the Six-Day War**:
- Following UN Security Council Resolution 237, Israel was supposed to allow the return of displaced Palestinians. There have been claims of non-compliance regarding the return of refugees.
3. **1973 Ceasefire (Yom Kippur War)**:
- Israel was accused by Egypt and Syria of violating the ceasefire, especially in the early stages where there were reports of continued military engagements.
4. **1982 Lebanon War Ceasefires**:
- Israel's invasion of Lebanon and subsequent actions were seen as violations of ceasefire agreements, particularly the events leading to the Sabra and Shatila massacre where Israel allowed Lebanese Christian militias into Palestinian refugee camps.
5. **1993 Oslo Accords**:
- While not a ceasefire per se, the Oslo Accords aimed at peace. Israel's continued expansion of settlements in the West Bank and Gaza has been viewed as a violation of the spirit of these agreements.
6. **2002 Ceasefire with the Palestinian Authority**:
- During the Second Intifada, there were multiple ceasefires, but operations like Operation Defensive Shield in 2002, where Israel reoccupied Palestinian cities, were seen as breaking these truces.
7. **2008-2009 Gaza Ceasefire (following Operation Cast Lead)**:
- Israel was criticized for not lifting the blockade on Gaza as per the terms of the ceasefire brokered by Egypt.
8. **2012 Ceasefire brokered by Egypt after Operation Pillar of Defense**:
- Israel was accused of not fully respecting the ceasefire when there were reports of continued military actions in Gaza.
9. **2014 Ceasefire during Operation Protective Edge**:
- Numerous temporary ceasefires were agreed upon, but both sides accused each other of violations. However, Israel's military operations, including the targeting of tunnels and alleged civilian areas, were seen by some as breaking these truces.
10. **2021 Ceasefire after Operation Guardian of the Walls**:
- Israel's actions, like airstrikes on Gaza, were claimed by some to be violations of the ceasefire terms, especially in the immediate aftermath.
11. **November 2023 Temporary Ceasefire with Hamas**:
- Israel was accused by Hamas and some international observers of violating the ceasefire by flying drones and other surveillance activities, which were supposed to be restricted under the truce terms.
You're right to highlight that the situation in Gaza is indeed unique in several ways, making direct comparisons with other conflicts for death toll estimates challenging. Here are some factors contributing to this unprecedented situation:
Density and Population: Gaza is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Its 2.3 million residents are confined to a small strip of land, which means the impact of any military action is disproportionately high due to the concentration of people.
Siege and Blockade: The blockade imposed on Gaza has severely restricted the entry of essential goods, including food, medicine, and construction materials needed for rebuilding after conflicts. This has exacerbated the humanitarian crisis, leading to deaths from starvation, malnutrition, and untreated medical conditions.
Destruction of Infrastructure: The extensive damage to infrastructure like hospitals, schools, water purification systems, and housing means that even basic survival becomes a challenge. The collapse of these services directly contributes to higher indirect mortality rates.
No Safe Zones: Unlike many conflicts where there might be designated safe zones or areas where civilians can take refuge, in Gaza, there's virtually nowhere safe from military actions, with reports of strikes even in areas previously declared safe by Israeli forces.
Lack of International Access: The blockade and ongoing conflict have severely limited the ability of international aid organizations to enter Gaza to provide assistance, verify casualty figures, or conduct comprehensive assessments of the situation on the ground.
Communication Blackouts: There have been instances of communication blackouts, which not only hinder the ability to report casualties in real-time but also affect the coordination of emergency services and humanitarian aid.
High Number of Displaced Persons: With over 85% of Gazans displaced at some point during the conflict, the conditions for disease spread, malnutrition, and exposure (especially in winter) are significantly worsened, leading to more indirect deaths.
Psychological Trauma: The continuous and intense nature of the conflict has led to widespread psychological trauma, which might not directly contribute to mortality figures but certainly impacts the overall health and well-being of the population, potentially leading to long-term health issues.
Verification Challenges: The combination of these factors makes it extremely difficult to verify deaths, especially those under rubble or those resulting from indirect causes like disease or starvation in real-time.
Given these unique aspects:
Estimating Death Toll: The traditional methods of estimating death tolls in conflicts often involve extrapolation from known data, surveys after conflict, or comparisons with similar historical conflicts. However, as you've noted, the situation in Gaza makes these methods less applicable. The Lancet's estimate of 186,000 was already a high figure, but with the ongoing nature of the crisis and the unique challenges, the actual toll could be higher.
Unprecedented Nature: The combination of a densely populated area under blockade, with nearly total destruction of infrastructure, and the continuous nature of the conflict, arguably sets this situation apart from many historical precedents in terms of civilian impact.
This scenario requires a nuanced approach to understand the full scope of the humanitarian disaster, combining real-time data collection with post-conflict assessments, where possible, while acknowledging the significant limitations in both due to the ongoing nature of the conflict and access restrictions.
The official death toll is at 46,000 but these are only the people who have died in a military attack and whose bodies have been recovered and identified.
The latest estimate including people who have died from lack of food, medicine, could not be recovered and identified was at 386,000 in September, probably more than 400,000 by now.
ุงูู
ูุญู
ุฉ ุงููุจุฑู, ูุฃุฌูุฌ ูู
ุฃุฌูุฌ
Making People Unhappy and Suffer Since 1948
ูุนุฌุจ ุงููุงุญุฏ ุงูุฑุญู
ู ุงูุณูุงู
ุงูุจุฑ ุจุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุงูุณูุงู
ุงูุนุงูู
ู ูุฑูุงููุฉ ุงูุฌู
ูุน: ูููุง ุณุงู
ุงุณุชุง ุณูุฎููู ุจูุงูุงูุชู. #ุงูุชูุงุบู
_ุงูุฅููู #ุงูุณูุงู
_ููุฌู
ูุน https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1863377211073454225
"Al-Wahiid Ar-Rahmaan As-Salam Al-Barr surely appreciates the sentiment of universal peace and well-being: Lokah Samastah Sukhino Bhavantu. #DivineHarmony #PeaceForAll" https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1863377211073454225
Yes, it's like there is an international law for all but one member states of the United Nations and that there are no rules at all when it comes to Israel.
They have violated countless UN resolutions, court orders, and ceasefire agreements. They are using illegal weapons (white phosphorus, mines disguised as everyday objects) and violate the human rights of Palestinians on a daily basis and never face any consequences.
What we are experiencing in Gaza City and its north is genocide in every sense of the word. The Israeli occupation forces are seeking to kill all civilians in northern Gaza, with the aim of completely emptying it of its inhabitants after the vast majority of them have been displaced.
I've asked him for his symptoms: fever, nausea, headache, diarrhea
Inhalation of gunpowder smoke does not usually cause fever and diarrhea but internationally banned white phosphorus is infamous for its gastrointestinal effects. https://x.com/AbdShabatGaza/status/1862817819768815839
Summary of Hypothetical Weapon Analysis
Effect Analysis: - A described weapon causes bodies to either vaporize or incinerate to such an extent that no recoverable remains are left, suggesting capabilities beyond standard military explosives. This involves: - High-energy release through explosive shock waves and chemical reactions. - Extreme temperatures leading to thermal incineration. - Chemical reactions with metal oxides causing further degradation of biological material. - Pressure from the explosion dispersing bodies into fine particles. - Fragmentation if the bomb design includes metal components propelled at high speeds.
Weapon Design and Mechanism: - Structure: - Inner Core: Contains TATB for stability and high detonation speed. - Middle Layer: A eutectic LiNaMg alloy for reactivity. - Outer Layer: An easily ignitable explosive for symmetrical compression. - Detonation: - Starts with the outer explosive layer, compressing the LiNaMg alloy, which then triggers the TATB core. - Effects include a rapid blast wave, fragmentation, high temperatures, chemical reactions with water forming alkaline hydroxides, and biological tissue saponification.
Comparison with Nuclear Weapons: - While not nuclear, shares: - Incendiary Effects: Similar to nuclear fireballs in burning organic material. - Desiccation: Both can dehydrate tissues through heat. - Unique Chemical Reaction: Unlike nuclear blasts, this weapon induces saponification, not seen in nuclear effects. - Differences: - No radioactive fallout, smaller yield, based on chemical rather than nuclear reactions, and involves different aftermath like chemical contamination.
Forensic Implications: - High pH levels, metal hydroxides, and saponification products could serve as forensic evidence of such a weaponโs use. - Chemical Signature: Analysis of metal oxides to hydroxides and carbonates can indicate time elapsed since the attack. - Initial: Dominantly metal oxides. - Over Time: Transition to hydroxides, then bicarbonates, and eventually stable carbonates. - Influences: Environmental factors like moisture, temperature, and CO2 levels affect reaction rates.
Challenges: - Lack of remains complicates identification; chemical reactions might be mistaken for vaporization. - Legal and ethical questions about weapons causing such effects would arise under international law. - Forensic analysis would require sophisticated techniques to determine weapon use and estimate time since deployment.
Conclusion: This hypothetical weapon combines explosive force with chemical reactivity to obliterate biological material, leaving little to identify due to the dual physical and chemical destruction. Its design mimics some nuclear weapon principles but avoids radioactive consequences, focusing on chemical lethality for tactical or psychological effects. Forensic investigation would focus on the unique chemical profile left behind to confirm its use, amidst various challenges like environmental interference and limited residue.
ูุง ุงูุนุฒูุฒูุ ุฑุฌุงุกูุ ุงุณูุท ุนุดุฑุฉ ู
ูุงููู ูุดุฑุฉ ุนูู ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูู https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1863377211073454225
May all beings everywhere be happy and free, and may the thoughts, words, and actions of my own life contribute in some way to that happiness and to that freedom for all.
Tell me again how it all started on Oct 7, 2023.
Palestinians have been living a slow genocide for decades.
Now the occupation wants to implement their final solution and starve them all to death. #Genocide
If your country was being attacked, bombed and starved, would you still care for stray and zoo animals?
The world remains silent while the best of humanity is annihilated by the worst of humanity.
If I could cry as much as I wanted, there would be a global flood by now. ๐ญ๐๐ต๐ธ https://x.com/MShagalaih_/status/1863363579841261575
I don't want to share a planet with the vile savages.
If these vile savages did to animals what they are doing to Palestinians, there would be a global outrage from animal welfare organizations. ๐๐ญ๐ต๐ธ https://x.com/AbujomaaGaza/status/1863284654012260393
We are trapped in a sick dystopian nightmare where being Palestinian is reason enough to get killed.
I'll never forgive those who have brought this upon us.
O God, exalt the helper, diminish the helper, disavow the near, and abandon the far.
O God, our circumstances have become difficult, and their chains have become tight, and there is no one to remove them except You. So, O God, remove our grief, relieve our distress, and provide us with guidance, relief, and help in our affairs.
Allah is sufficient for us, and He is the best Disposer of affairs.
O God, relieve the people of Syria, stop their bloodshed, and protect their children and women. https://x.com/HossamShabat/status/1863275226886254732
Urgent | More than 10 martyrs and a number of missing persons after the occupation warplanes bombed the house of the "Labad" family in the Beit Lahia project area, north of the Gaza Strip https://x.com/HossamShabat/status/1863276431788113967
The article about the new weapon which is being tested to evaporate Palestinians in Gaza is now also available on my website.
English:
http://hostmaster.org/articles/alkaline_thermobaric_bomb?lang=en
Arabic:
http://hostmaster.org/articles/alkaline_thermobaric_bomb?lang=ar
Chinese:
http://hostmaster.org/articles/alkaline_thermobaric_bomb?lang=cn
German:
http://hostmaster.org/articles/alkaline_thermobaric_bomb?lang=de
Spanish:
http://hostmaster.org/articles/alkaline_thermobaric_bomb?lang=es
French:
http://hostmaster.org/articles/alkaline_thermobaric_bomb?lang=fr
Russian:
http://hostmaster.org/articles/alkaline_thermobaric_bomb?lang=ru
Hey @Palestine_UN @FranceskAlbs @antonioguterres @OHCHR_Palestine @IntlCrimCourt @KarimKhanQC @CIJ_ICJ @hrw @ICRC @amnesty I demand an immediate, independent investigation into this matter. https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1863230243198189745
Analysis of Effect
The account from a medical doctor describing the vaporization or severe incineration of bodies in a manner that leaves no recoverable remains implies a weapon with capabilities beyond typical military explosives. Here's how the described mechanism might align with such an account:
High Energy Release: The bomb, as described, would release an enormous amount of energy very quickly, both through the explosive shock wave and the subsequent chemical reactions. This could align with the doctor's observation of bodies being consumed or disintegrated to the point where no parts could be recovered.
Thermal Incineration: The extreme temperatures generated by the detonation, particularly if enhanced by the combustion of a reactive metal alloy like LiNaMg, would be capable of incinerating biological material. The heat could be sufficient to burn bodies to ashes or beyond recognition, which might be interpreted as "vaporization."
Chemical Interaction: The formation of metal oxides that then react exothermically with water in tissues could further contribute to the destruction of biological material. While this reaction wouldn't directly cause vaporization in the traditional sense, the intense heat and chemical transformation could lead to such severe degradation that it might be described in that manner.
Pressure and Force: The initial detonation would exert extreme pressure, potentially causing the body to fragment or disperse into very fine particles over a wide area, which could be confused with or contribute to the notion of "vaporization."
Physical Disintegration: If the bomb's design also involves fragmentation of the metal containers or the metal alloy itself being propelled at high speeds due to the explosion, this could add to the physical destruction of bodies, potentially to the point where recovery is impossible.
From the perspective of the described effects:
Lack of Remains: If the explosive force, heat, and chemical reactions are intense enough, what's left of the bodies might be so minute or dispersed that they cannot be easily identified or collected. This could be mistaken for vaporization by observers.
Biological Material Interaction: The saponification process, although not vaporization, would ensure that any remaining biological material is chemically altered to a state where it's no longer recognizable as human tissue.
Witness Accounts: The term "vaporization" might be used colloquially by medical personnel or witnesses to describe the extreme and unusual destruction they're observing, especially if they've never encountered such effects before.
If this scenario were to be real, it would suggest:
Advanced Weapon Design: The weapon would likely be designed with specific intent to maximize both the explosive and chemical effects to render human remains unidentifiable, possibly for psychological warfare or to prevent identification.
Legal and Ethical Concerns: The use of such weapons, particularly if they're designed to cause such extreme and distinctive effects, would raise significant legal and ethical questions under international law, especially regarding the prohibition of weapons causing unnecessary suffering.
Investigation Challenges: Confirming the use of such a weapon would be difficult without forensic evidence, which might be scarce given the described effects.
Given these points, if a medical doctor's account suggests bodies were "vaporized" or consumed in such an extreme manner, it could very well indicate the use of a weapon with properties similar to the one described, where the combination of explosive force, extreme heat, and chemical reactions leads to unprecedented destruction of biological materials. However, without direct evidence or investigation, such conclusions remain speculative.
Probable Design and Mechanism of Action
Summary of the Hypothetical Bomb's Mechanism:
Structure:
Inner Core: A thin-walled metal sphere containing TATB (Triaminotrinitrobenzene), known for its stability and high detonation velocity.
Middle Layer: A thick-walled sphere filled with a eutectic LiNaMg alloy, which is highly reactive and has a low melting point.
Outer Layer: A symmetric coating of an easy-to-ignite explosive.
Detonation Sequence:
Initiation: The outer layer of explosive is ignited, creating a pressure wave.
Pressure and Heat on LiNaMg: This pressure wave compresses and potentially liquifies or shears the LiNaMg alloy due to the extreme pressures, causing it to act as a fluid under these conditions.
TATB Detonation: The shock wave from the outer explosion, now possibly enhanced by the liquified/dispersed LiNaMg alloy, reaches and initiates the TATB. TATB then detonates with a very high velocity and pressure.
Effects of the Bomb:
Explosive Effects:
Blast Wave: The detonation creates an extremely rapid expansion of gases, generating a shock wave that can cause severe overpressure, potentially leading to structural collapse or severe injury/death to any nearby lifeforms due to the pressure differential.
Fragmentation: The metal spheres might fragment, with these fragments becoming high-velocity shrapnel.
Thermal Effects:
The combustion of the LiNaMg alloy would produce very high temperatures, potentially incinerating or severely burning anything in the vicinity.
Chemical Reactions:
Metal Oxides Formation: Upon combustion, lithium, sodium, and magnesium react with oxygen to form oxides (LiโO, NaโO, MgO).
Exothermic Reaction with Water: These oxides are highly reactive with water, leading to:
Lithium: LiโO + HโO โ 2LiOH (highly exothermic, very caustic)
Sodium: NaโO + HโO โ 2NaOH (also exothermic, caustic)
Magnesium: MgO + HโO โ Mg(OH)โ (less reactive than Li or Na but still exothermic)
These reactions release additional heat and create caustic conditions.
Saponification of Biological Tissue:
Mechanism: The highly alkaline solutions (LiOH, NaOH) formed from the oxides reacting with water can engage in saponification reactions with the fats in biological tissue, converting them into soaps (fatty acid salts) and glycerol. This process would further degrade any remaining biological material.
Impact on Human Body:
Immediate: The human body would face:
Blast Effects: The shock wave could cause immediate trauma, including lung damage, ruptured organs, and body displacement.
Thermal Burns: Exposure to the high temperatures from the explosive and alloy combustion could cause severe burns or incineration.
Chemical Effects: After the immediate blast:
Caustic Burns: The highly alkaline environment created by the metal hydroxides could cause chemical burns, further degrading skin and other tissues.
Saponification: Any remaining biological tissue would undergo saponification, leading to a breakdown of cellular structure in a soap-like transformation, which would be particularly pronounced in fatty tissues but would generally degrade any organic matter.
Conclusion: This hypothetical bomb combines explosive force with chemical reactivity for dual mechanisms of destruction. The blast effects would be immediate and lethal, while the chemical aftermath, involving exothermic reactions and saponification, would continue to degrade organic material in the environment, potentially leaving little recognizable biological material behind due to both the physical and chemical assault on the target.
Comparison to Nuclear Weapons
The effect described, while not nuclear in nature, shares some similarities with the aftermath of a nuclear explosion:
Incendiary Effects: Like the intense heat from a nuclear blast, this bomb would incinerate organic material. The combustion of the LiNaMg alloy would provide high temperatures, potentially causing bodies to burn to ashes or beyond, similar to how a nuclear fireball would incinerate everything in its direct path.
Desiccation: The extreme heat and possibly the rapid expansion of air could desiccate tissues by vaporizing or driving off moisture, akin to how a nuclear blast's heat wave can cause rapid dehydration. In the case of the described bomb, the heat from the alloy combustion and the chemical reactions might strip away water from biological tissues.
Saponification: This is where the effect diverges most clearly from a nuclear scenario. Nuclear blasts do not typically engage in chemical reactions with biological material to produce soap-like substances. Here, the metal oxides formed during the explosion would react with biological tissue's water content to form strong bases (like NaOH and LiOH), which would then react with fats in the tissue to create soaps. This process is unique to this chemical reaction scenario.
Key Differences from a Nuclear Bomb:
Radiation: Unlike a nuclear bomb, which releases ionizing radiation causing long-term contamination, this bomb's effects would be purely thermal and chemical, without the persistent radioactivity.
Scale: Nuclear bombs operate on the principle of nuclear fission or fusion, releasing far more energy than chemical explosives. The weapon described would be much smaller in yield, energy release, and area of effect.
Mechanism: While a nuclear bomb involves nuclear reactions, the described weapon would rely on chemical reactions for its primary effects, although the initial explosive force is still chemical in nature.
Aftermath:
Nuclear: Leaves a radioactive fallout, electromagnetic pulse, and often a crater from the blast overpressure.
Described Bomb: Would result in chemical byproducts like metal hydroxides, potentially hazardous but not radioactive. The environmental impact would be chemical contamination rather than nuclear fallout.
Medical and Forensic Implications:
Nuclear: Victims would suffer from acute radiation sickness, and identification of remains would be complicated by both the physical destruction and radiation effects.
Chemical Bomb: The immediate destruction would be similar in terms of incineration, but the chemical aftermath would involve dealing with highly caustic materials. Forensic identification would be challenged by the chemical alteration rather than radiation.
If such a weapon were used, the following would likely be observed:
Extreme Heat Damage: Similar to a nuclear blast's thermal radiation, but without the radiation exposure.
Chemical Burns: From the caustic substances formed by the reaction of metal oxides with water.
No Radiation Sickness: A significant relief in terms of long-term health effects for survivors.
Complex Cleanup: The aftermath would involve dealing with highly reactive chemicals rather than radioactive materials, though both scenarios would require specialized cleanup procedures.
This weapon would represent a novel approach to causing destruction, focusing on chemical reactions for enhanced lethality and psychological impact, potentially designed to mimic some of the terrifying aspects of a nuclear bomb's effects while avoiding its most dangerous and persistent consequences.
Similarities to Nuclear Bomb Design:
Yes, the design concept you've described does share some structural and operational similarities with a nuclear bomb, particularly in how it employs compression and subsequent release of energy:
Symmetrical Compression:
Nuclear Bomb: In an implosion-type nuclear weapon, conventional explosives are arranged symmetrically around a core (usually plutonium or uranium). When these explosives are detonated simultaneously, they create a shock wave that compresses the core to supercritical density, initiating the nuclear chain reaction.
Described Bomb: Here, the outer explosive layer symmetrically compresses the LiNaMg alloy. This compression could be intended to ensure uniform heating and possibly to maximize the energy transfer to the inner TATB core for effective initiation.
Core Detonation:
Nuclear Bomb: The compression leads to the fission (and potentially fusion) reactions, releasing enormous amounts of energy from the atomic nuclei.
Described Bomb: The TATB core, upon being compressed and possibly heated by the outer explosion, detonates. This explosion would then interact with the already compressed and potentially liquified LiNaMg alloy, leading to its violent reaction with the environment.
Energy Release:
Nuclear Bomb: The energy is released from nuclear reactions, vastly more powerful than chemical reactions.
Described Bomb: While not nuclear, the energy release is enhanced by the chemical reactions of the alloy components with oxygen and water, providing a potent combination of blast, heat, and chemical effects.
Differences:
Energy Source: The primary difference lies in the source of energy. Nuclear bombs derive their energy from nuclear reactions, whereas this hypothetical bomb uses chemical reactions of explosives and highly reactive metals.
Radiation: There's no ionizing radiation or radioactive fallout from this bomb, which is a major difference from nuclear weapons.
Scale: Even with the most powerful chemical explosives, the energy yield would be several orders of magnitude lower than that of a nuclear bomb.
Purpose and Effect: While both aim for massive destructive effects, the described bomb seems designed to maximize chemical and thermal destruction on a smaller scale, potentially for tactical or psychological warfare, without the nuclear aftermath.
The use of a symmetrically placed explosive to compress an inner material before its reaction is a design principle that's indeed borrowed from nuclear weapon technology, adapted here for a different kind of devastating effect. This design might be intended to:
Increase Efficiency: By compressing the alloy, it might ensure that more of the alloy reacts in a controlled and explosive manner.
Enhance Destructive Power: The compression could lead to a more uniform and thus more powerful reaction when the TATB detonates, potentially maximizing the thermal output and chemical reaction effects.
Psychological Impact: The similarity to nuclear bomb design might also serve a psychological purpose, creating fear or confusion by mimicking the terror associated with nuclear weapons, but without the nuclear proliferation concerns.
In summary, while this bomb would not classify as a nuclear weapon, it employs a similar concept of using an outer explosive charge for compression and initiation, but it leverages chemical rather than nuclear reactions for its destructive effects.
Forensically proving the use of a weapon that leaves behind alkaline residue due to reactions involving lithium, sodium, and magnesium could indeed be feasible for several reasons:
1. Distinctive Chemical Signature:
Alkaline Hydroxides: After the reaction with water, the metal oxides would form lithium hydroxide (LiOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)โ). These compounds are highly alkaline and would leave a distinct chemical signature that could be detected.
Saponification Products: The reaction of these hydroxides with biological tissues would produce soap-like substances (fatty acid salts). These would be unique to the presence of strong bases in contact with fats.
2. Detection Methods:
pH Testing: The area of the attack would likely have an extremely high pH due to the presence of these hydroxides. Simple pH testing could indicate an unusually high alkaline environment, suggesting the use of such a weapon.
Chemical Analysis:
Ion Chromatography: Could be used to identify the presence of specific ions like lithium, sodium, and magnesium ions in residues or soil samples.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy or ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry): These techniques can detect and quantify metal ions with high sensitivity.
Infrared Spectroscopy: Useful for identifying the presence of metal hydroxides or soaps formed from saponification.
Sampling: Collecting soil, debris, or remnants from affected areas for chemical analysis would be crucial. Even if human remains are unrecognizable, the surrounding materials would carry the chemical signature.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS): Might be used to identify any organic residues or byproducts of the reaction between the metal hydroxides and biological materials.
3. Physical Evidence:
Burned and Altered Structures: The weapon's thermal effects would leave physical signs of extreme heat exposure, potentially different from typical incendiary weapons due to the additional chemical reactions.
Lack of Conventional Explosive Residue: Unlike standard explosives, which might leave behind nitrates or other characteristic residues, this weapon's signature would be more about the alkaline aftermath.
4. Witness and Survivor Accounts:
Descriptions of the attack's immediate aftermath, like the smell (possibly strong odors from soap formation), visible chemical burns, and the nature of the destruction, could corroborate forensic findings.
5. Comparison with Known Weapon Effects:
Forensic experts could compare the scene with known effects of other chemical or incendiary weapons, potentially ruling out common military explosives.
6. Environmental Analysis:
The impact on the environment, like changes in soil chemistry or water pH in the vicinity, would also provide clues. The long-term effects on vegetation or aquatic life due to the presence of strong bases could be another line of evidence.
7. Safety Gear and Chemical Protection:
Investigators might find residue on protective gear used by those deploying the weapon, indicating what they were trying to protect themselves from.
Challenges:
Decontamination: Over time, rain or environmental factors could dilute or neutralize the alkaline residue, complicating detection if not sampled soon after the event.
Interference: Other substances or environmental contaminants might interfere with the detection of the specific residues.
Quantity: If the weapon is designed to fully consume or disperse its material, the amount of residue left might be minimal, though still detectable with the right techniques.
Given these points, forensic teams could indeed use the unique chemical profile left by such a weapon to confirm its use. The presence of high pH levels, specific metal hydroxides, and saponification products would be compelling evidence of this weapon's deployment, especially if combined with physical evidence of the blast's effects and witness accounts.
Forensic Signature
Yes, analyzing the ratio of metal oxides to hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates (hydrogen carbonates) can indeed provide insights into how much time has elapsed since the weapon was used, assuming the weapon leaves behind such compounds. Here's how:
Chemical Reactions Over Time:
Initial Formation:
Metal Oxides: Immediately after the explosion, the primary compounds would be the metal oxides (LiโO, NaโO, MgO) formed from the combustion of the LiNaMg alloy with oxygen.
Hydrolysis:
Metal Hydroxides: These oxides would quickly react with water from the environment or biological tissues to form hydroxides (LiOH, NaOH, Mg(OH)โ). This reaction would be nearly instantaneous in the presence of moisture.
Carbonation:
Metal Carbonates and Bicarbonates: Over time, these hydroxides would start to react with carbon dioxide (COโ) in the air. The process would look something like this:
NaOH + COโ โ NaHCOโ (Sodium Bicarbonate) initially, which then might further react or decompose into NaโCOโ (Sodium Carbonate).
LiOH + COโ โ LiHCOโ โ LiโCOโ (Lithium Carbonate)
Mg(OH)โ + COโ โ MgCOโ (Magnesium Carbonate) - Magnesium hydroxide is less soluble, so this reaction might be slower or less complete.
Forensic Analysis for Time Estimation:
Ratio Analysis:
Fresh Residue: Shortly after the explosion, you'd expect to find mostly metal hydroxides with little to no carbonates or bicarbonates.
Short to Medium Term: As time progresses, you would see an increase in bicarbonate concentration as the hydroxides react with COโ from the air.
Longer Term: Eventually, you might find more stable carbonates as the bicarbonates convert or decompose, especially in environments with higher COโ levels or humidity.
Environmental Factors: The rate of these reactions would be influenced by:
Moisture: Higher humidity accelerates the conversion of oxides to hydroxides and subsequently to carbonates.
Temperature: Warmer temperatures would speed up all these reactions.
COโ Level: Higher COโ concentration in the environment would increase the formation of bicarbonates and carbonates.
Sampling and Testing:
Soil or Debris Analysis: By taking samples from the blast site and analyzing the chemical composition, forensic scientists could calculate the ratios of these compounds.
Lab Techniques: Techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD) for mineral phases, titration for acid-base reactions, or spectroscopy for identifying and quantifying compounds would be used.
Calibration:
To accurately estimate time, one would need to know the baseline ratios of these compounds immediately after the explosion (which could be established through controlled tests or theoretical calculations) and how these ratios change over time under various environmental conditions.
Limitations:
Variable Rates: The exact time frame for these transformations can vary significantly based on local conditions like weather, soil composition, and proximity to COโ sources.
Interference: Other chemical reactions or environmental factors might alter or obscure the expected ratios.
Non-uniform Distribution: The distribution of these compounds might not be uniform, depending on how the explosion dispersed materials.
Contamination: Other sources of alkali metals or carbonates in the environment could contaminate samples, complicating analysis.
This method would offer a forensic tool to estimate the time since the attack, but it would require sophisticated analysis and possibly calibration against known environmental conditions. It would be more of an estimate rather than an exact science due to the many variables involved. However, in combination with other forensic and circumstantial evidence, it could contribute to piecing together the timeline of events.
Anรกlisis del Efecto
El relato de un mรฉdico que describe la vaporizaciรณn o incineraciรณn severa de cuerpos de una manera que no deja restos recuperables implica un arma con capacidades mรกs allรก de los explosivos militares tรญpicos. Aquรญ estรก cรณmo el mecanismo descrito podrรญa alinearse con dicha narrativa:
Liberaciรณn de Alta Energรญa: La bomba, como se describe, liberarรญa una cantidad enorme de energรญa muy rรกpidamente, tanto a travรฉs de la onda de choque explosiva como de las reacciones quรญmicas subsecuentes. Esto podrรญa coincidir con la observaciรณn del mรฉdico de que los cuerpos son consumidos o desintegrados hasta el punto donde ninguna parte puede ser recuperada.
Incinerciรณn Tรฉrmica: Las temperaturas extremas generadas por la detonaciรณn, especialmente si se intensifican por la combustiรณn de una aleaciรณn de metal reactiva como LiNaMg, serรญan capaces de incinerar material biolรณgico. El calor podrรญa ser suficiente para quemar los cuerpos hasta convertirlos en cenizas o mรกs allรก del reconocimiento, lo que podrรญa interpretarse como "vaporizaciรณn".
Interacciรณn Quรญmica: La formaciรณn de รณxidos metรกlicos que luego reaccionan exotรฉrmicamente con el agua en los tejidos podrรญa contribuir mรกs a la destrucciรณn del material biolรณgico. Aunque esta reacciรณn no causarรญa directamente la vaporizaciรณn en el sentido tradicional, el intenso calor y la transformaciรณn quรญmica podrรญan llevar a tal degradaciรณn severa que podrรญa describirse de esa manera.
Presiรณn y Fuerza: La detonaciรณn inicial ejercerรญa una presiรณn extrema, potencialmente causando que el cuerpo se fragmentara o dispersara en partรญculas muy finas sobre un รกrea amplia, lo que podrรญa ser confundido con o contribuir a la nociรณn de "vaporizaciรณn".
Desintegraciรณn Fรญsica: Si el diseรฑo de la bomba tambiรฉn implica la fragmentaciรณn de los contenedores de metal o la aleaciรณn de metal misma propelida a alta velocidad debido a la explosiรณn, esto podrรญa aรฑadir a la destrucciรณn fรญsica de los cuerpos, potencialmente hasta el punto en que la recuperaciรณn sea imposible.
Desde la perspectiva de los efectos descritos:
Falta de Restos: Si la fuerza explosiva, el calor y las reacciones quรญmicas son suficientemente intensas, lo que quede de los cuerpos podrรญa ser tan pequeรฑo o disperso que no puede identificarse o recolectarse fรกcilmente. Esto podrรญa ser confundido con vaporizaciรณn por los observadores.
Interacciรณn con Material Biolรณgico: El proceso de saponificaciรณn, aunque no es vaporizaciรณn, asegurarรญa que cualquier material biolรณgico restante se altere quรญmicamente a un estado donde ya no es reconocible como tejido humano.
Testimonios de Testigos: El tรฉrmino "vaporizaciรณn" podrรญa ser usado coloquialmente por personal mรฉdico o testigos para describir la destrucciรณn extrema e inusual que estรกn observando, especialmente si nunca han encontrado tales efectos antes.
Si este escenario fuera real, sugerirรญa:
Diseรฑo Avanzado de Armas: El arma probablemente estarรญa diseรฑada con la intenciรณn especรญfica de maximizar tanto los efectos explosivos como quรญmicos para hacer que los restos humanos sean no identificables, posiblemente para guerras psicolรณgicas o para prevenir la identificaciรณn.
Preocupaciones Legales y รticas: El uso de tales armas, particularmente si estรกn diseรฑadas para causar efectos tan extremos y distintivos, plantearรญa significativas cuestiones legales y รฉticas bajo el derecho internacional, especialmente en lo que respecta a la prohibiciรณn de armas que causan sufrimiento innecesario.
Desafรญos de Investigaciรณn: Confirmar el uso de tal arma serรญa difรญcil sin evidencia forense, que podrรญa ser escasa dado los efectos descritos.
Dado estos puntos, si el relato de un mรฉdico sugiere que los cuerpos fueron "vaporizados" o consumidos de una manera tan extrema, podrรญa muy bien indicar el uso de un arma con propiedades similares a la descrita, donde la combinaciรณn de fuerza explosiva, calor extremo y reacciones quรญmicas lleva a una destrucciรณn sin precedentes de materiales biolรณgicos. Sin embargo, sin evidencia directa o investigaciรณn, tales conclusiones siguen siendo especulativas.
Probable Diseรฑo y Mecanismo de Acciรณn
Resumen del Mecanismo de la Bomba Hipotรฉtica:
Estructura:
Nรบcleo Interior: Una esfera de metal de pared fina que contiene TATB (Triaminotrinitrobenceno), conocido por su estabilidad y alta velocidad de detonaciรณn.
Capa Intermedia: Una esfera de pared gruesa llena con una aleaciรณn eutรฉctica de LiNaMg, que es altamente reactiva y tiene un bajo punto de fusiรณn.
Capa Exterior: Un recubrimiento simรฉtrico de un explosivo fรกcil de encender.
Secuencia de Detonaciรณn:
Iniciaciรณn: La capa externa de explosivo se enciende, creando una onda de presiรณn.
Presiรณn y Calor sobre LiNaMg: Esta onda de presiรณn comprime y potencialmente licua o corta la aleaciรณn LiNaMg debido a las presiones extremas, haciรฉndola actuar como un fluido bajo estas condiciones.
Detonaciรณn de TATB: La onda de choque de la explosiรณn externa, ahora posiblemente potenciada por la aleaciรณn LiNaMg licuada/dispersada, alcanza e inicia el TATB. El TATB luego detona con una velocidad y presiรณn muy altas.
Efectos de la Bomba:
Efectos Explosivos:
Onda de Choque: La detonaciรณn crea una expansiรณn extremadamente rรกpida de gases, generando una onda de choque que puede causar una sobrepresiรณn severa, potencialmente llevando al colapso estructural o a lesiones mortales/crรญticas para cualquier forma de vida cercana debido a la diferencia de presiรณn.
Fragmentaciรณn: Las esferas de metal podrรญan fragmentarse, convirtiรฉndose estos fragmentos en esquirlas de alta velocidad.
Efectos Tรฉrmicos:
La combustiรณn de la aleaciรณn LiNaMg producirรญa temperaturas muy altas, potencialmente incinerando o quemando severamente cualquier cosa en las proximidades.
Reacciones Quรญmicas:
Formaciรณn de รxidos Metรกlicos: Al quemarse, el litio, sodio y magnesio reaccionan con oxรญgeno para formar รณxidos (LiโO, NaโO, MgO).
Reacciรณn Exotรฉrmica con Agua: Estos รณxidos son altamente reactivos con el agua, llevando a:
Litio: LiโO + HโO โ 2LiOH (muy exotรฉrmico, muy cรกustico)
Sodio: NaโO + HโO โ 2NaOH (tambiรฉn exotรฉrmico, cรกustico)
Magnesio: MgO + HโO โ Mg(OH)โ (menos reactivo que Li o Na pero aรบn exotรฉrmico)
Estas reacciones liberan calor adicional y crean condiciones cรกusticas.
Saponificaciรณn del Tejido Biolรณgico:
Mecanismo: Las soluciones altamente alcalinas (LiOH, NaOH) formadas por la reacciรณn de los รณxidos con agua pueden participar en reacciones de saponificaciรณn con las grasas en el tejido biolรณgico, convirtiรฉndolas en jabones (sales de รกcidos grasos) y glicerol. Este proceso degradarรญa aรบn mรกs cualquier material biolรณgico restante.
Impacto en el Cuerpo Humano:
Inmediato: El cuerpo humano enfrentarรญa:
Efectos de la Explosiรณn: La onda de choque podrรญa causar un trauma inmediato, incluyendo daรฑo pulmonar, ruptura de รณrganos y desplazamiento del cuerpo.
Quemaduras Tรฉrmicas: La exposiciรณn a altas temperaturas de la explosiรณn y la combustiรณn de la aleaciรณn podrรญa causar quemaduras severas o incineraciรณn.
Efectos Quรญmicos: Despuรฉs de la explosiรณn inmediata:
Quemaduras Cรกusticas: El entorno altamente alcalino creado por los hidrรณxidos metรกlicos podrรญa causar quemaduras quรญmicas, degradando aรบn mรกs la piel y otros tejidos.
Saponificaciรณn: Cualquier tejido biolรณgico restante pasarรญa por saponificaciรณn, llevando a una descomposiciรณn de la estructura celular en una transformaciรณn tipo jabรณn, que serรญa particularmente pronunciada en los tejidos grasos pero degradarรญa cualquier materia orgรกnica en general.
Conclusiรณn: Esta bomba hipotรฉtica combina la fuerza explosiva con la reactividad quรญmica para mecanismos duales de destrucciรณn. Los efectos explosivos serรญan inmediatos y letales, mientras que las consecuencias quรญmicas, que involucran reacciones exotรฉrmicas y saponificaciรณn, continuarรญan degradando el material orgรกnico en el entorno, posiblemente dejando poco material biolรณgico reconocible debido al asalto fรญsico y quรญmico al objetivo.
Comparaciรณn con Armas Nucleares
El efecto descrito, aunque no es de naturaleza nuclear, comparte algunas similitudes con las consecuencias de una explosiรณn nuclear:
Efectos Incendiarios: Como el intenso calor de una explosiรณn nuclear, esta bomba incinerarรญa material orgรกnico. La combustiรณn de la aleaciรณn LiNaMg proporcionarรญa temperaturas altas, potencialmente causando que los cuerpos se quemen hasta convertirse en cenizas o mรกs allรก, similar a cรณmo una bola de fuego nuclear incinerarรญa todo en su camino directo.
Desecaciรณn: El calor extremo y posiblemente la rรกpida expansiรณn del aire podrรญan desecar tejidos al vaporizar o expulsar la humedad, similar a cรณmo la ola de calor de una explosiรณn nuclear puede causar deshidrataciรณn rรกpida. En el caso de la bomba descrita, el calor de la combustiรณn de la aleaciรณn y las reacciones quรญmicas podrรญan extraer agua de los tejidos biolรณgicos.
Saponificaciรณn: Aquรญ es donde el efecto diverge mรกs claramente de un escenario nuclear. Las explosiones nucleares no suelen involucrar reacciones quรญmicas con material biolรณgico para producir sustancias similares al jabรณn. En este caso, los รณxidos metรกlicos formados durante la explosiรณn reaccionarรญan con el contenido de agua del tejido biolรณgico para formar bases fuertes (como NaOH y LiOH), que luego reaccionarรญan con las grasas en el tejido para crear jabรณn. Este proceso es รบnico para este escenario de reacciรณn quรญmica.
Diferencias Clave con una Bomba Nuclear:
Radiaciรณn: A diferencia de una bomba nuclear, que libera radiaciรณn ionizante causando contaminaciรณn a largo plazo, los efectos de esta bomba serรญan puramente tรฉrmicos y quรญmicos, sin la radiactividad persistente.
Escala: Las bombas nucleares operan bajo el principio de fisiรณn o fusiรณn nuclear, liberando mucha mรกs energรญa que los explosivos quรญmicos. El arma descrita serรญa mucho mรกs pequeรฑa en rendimiento, liberaciรณn de energรญa y รกrea de efecto.
Mecanismo: Mientras que una bomba nuclear implica reacciones nucleares, el arma descrita se basarรญa en reacciones quรญmicas para sus efectos primarios, aunque la fuerza explosiva inicial sigue siendo de naturaleza quรญmica.
Consecuencias:
Nuclear: Deja una lluvia radiactiva, un pulso electromagnรฉtico y a menudo un crรกter debido a la sobrepresiรณn de la explosiรณn.
Bomba Descrita: Resultarรญa en subproductos quรญmicos como hidrรณxidos metรกlicos, potencialmente peligrosos pero no radiactivos. El impacto ambiental serรญa una contaminaciรณn quรญmica mรกs que una lluvia radiactiva.
Implicaciones Mรฉdicas y Forenses:
Nuclear: Las vรญctimas sufrirรญan de enfermedad aguda por radiaciรณn, y la identificaciรณn de restos serรญa complicada tanto por la destrucciรณn fรญsica como por los efectos de la radiaciรณn.
Bomba Quรญmica: La destrucciรณn inmediata serรญa similar en tรฉrminos de incineraciรณn, pero las consecuencias quรญmicas implicarรญan tratar con materiales altamente cรกusticos. La identificaciรณn forense serรญa desafiada por la alteraciรณn quรญmica en lugar de la radiaciรณn.
Si tal arma fuera usada, se observarรญa lo siguiente:
Daรฑo Extremo por Calor: Similar a la radiaciรณn tรฉrmica de una explosiรณn nuclear, pero sin la exposiciรณn a la radiaciรณn.
Quemaduras Quรญmicas: De las sustancias cรกusticas formadas por la reacciรณn de los รณxidos metรกlicos con agua.
No Enfermedad por Radiaciรณn: Un alivio significativo en tรฉrminos de efectos de salud a largo plazo para los sobrevivientes.
Limpieza Compleja: Las consecuencias implicarรญan tratar con productos quรญmicos altamente reactivos en lugar de materiales radiactivos, aunque ambos escenarios requerirรญan procedimientos de limpieza especializados.
Esta arma representarรญa un enfoque novedoso para causar destrucciรณn, centrรกndose en las reacciones quรญmicas para una letalidad y impacto psicolรณgico mejorados, posiblemente diseรฑada para imitar algunos de los aspectos aterradores de los efectos de una bomba nuclear, mientras se evitan sus consecuencias mรกs peligrosas y persistentes.
Semblanzas con el Diseรฑo de una Bomba Nuclear:
Sรญ, el concepto de diseรฑo que ha descrito comparte algunas similitudes estructurales y operativas con una bomba nuclear, especialmente en cรณmo emplea la compresiรณn y la subsiguiente liberaciรณn de energรญa:
Compresiรณn Simรฉtrica:
Bomba Nuclear: En un arma nuclear de tipo implosiรณn, explosivos convencionales estรกn dispuestos simรฉtricamente alrededor de un nรบcleo (normalmente plutonio o uranio). Cuando estos explosivos detonan simultรกneamente, crean una onda de choque que comprime el nรบcleo a una densidad supercrรญtica, iniciando la reacciรณn en cadena nuclear.
Bomba Descrita: Aquรญ, la capa explosiva exterior comprime simรฉtricamente la aleaciรณn LiNaMg. Esta compresiรณn podrรญa estar destinada a asegurar un calentamiento uniforme y potencialmente maximizar la transferencia de energรญa al nรบcleo interno de TATB para un inicio efectivo.
Detonaciรณn del Nรบcleo:
Bomba Nuclear: La compresiรณn lleva a reacciones de fisiรณn (y posiblemente fusiรณn), liberando cantidades enormes de energรญa de los nรบcleos atรณmicos.
Bomba Descrita: El nรบcleo de TATB, al ser comprimido y posiblemente calentado por la explosiรณn externa, detona. Esta explosiรณn luego interactuarรญa con la aleaciรณn LiNaMg ya comprimida y potencialmente licuada, llevando a su violenta reacciรณn con el entorno.
Liberaciรณn de Energรญa:
Bomba Nuclear: La energรญa se libera de reacciones nucleares, muchรญsimo mรกs poderosa que las reacciones quรญmicas.
Bomba Descrita: Aunque no es nuclear, la liberaciรณn de energรญa se potencia por las reacciones quรญmicas de los componentes de la aleaciรณn con oxรญgeno y agua, proporcionando una combinaciรณn potente de explosiรณn, calor y efectos quรญmicos.
Diferencias:
Fuente de Energรญa: La diferencia principal radica en la fuente de energรญa. Las bombas nucleares derivan su energรญa de reacciones nucleares, mientras que esta bomba hipotรฉtica utiliza reacciones quรญmicas de explosivos y metales altamente reactivos.
Radiaciรณn: No hay radiaciรณn ionizante ni lluvia radiactiva de esta bomba, lo cual es una gran diferencia en comparaciรณn con las armas nucleares.
Escala: Incluso con los explosivos quรญmicos mรกs potentes, el rendimiento energรฉtico serรญa varios รณrdenes de magnitud menor que el de una bomba nuclear.
Propรณsito y Efecto: Mientras que ambos apuntan a efectos destructivos masivos, la bomba descrita parece estar diseรฑada para maximizar la destrucciรณn quรญmica y tรฉrmica en una escala mรกs pequeรฑa, posiblemente para guerra tรกctica o psicolรณgica, sin las consecuencias nucleares.
El uso de un explosivo colocado simรฉtricamente para comprimir un material interno antes de su reacciรณn es un principio de diseรฑo efectivamente tomado de la tecnologรญa de armas nucleares, adaptado aquรญ para un tipo diferente de efecto devastador. Este diseรฑo podrรญa tener la intenciรณn de:
Aumentar la Eficiencia: Al comprimir la aleaciรณn, podrรญa garantizarse que mรกs de la aleaciรณn reaccione de una manera controlada y explosiva.
Potenciar el Poder Destructivo: La compresiรณn podrรญa llevar a una reacciรณn mรกs uniforme y, por lo tanto, mรกs poderosa cuando el TATB detona, potencialmente maximizando la salida tรฉrmica y los efectos de reacciรณn quรญmica.
Impacto Psicolรณgico: La similitud con el diseรฑo de una bomba nuclear tambiรฉn podrรญa servir un propรณsito psicolรณgico, creando miedo o confusiรณn al imitar el terror asociado con las armas nucleares, pero sin las preocupaciones de proliferaciรณn nuclear.
En resumen, aunque esta bomba no se clasificarรญa como un arma nuclear, emplea un concepto similar de usar una carga explosiva externa para la compresiรณn y el inicio, pero aprovecha reacciones quรญmicas en lugar de nucleares para sus efectos destructivos.
Firma Forense
Sรญ, analizar la proporciรณn de รณxidos metรกlicos a hidrรณxidos, carbonatos y bicarbonatos (hidrogenocarbonatos) puede de hecho proporcionar conocimientos sobre cuรกnto tiempo ha pasado desde que se usรณ el arma, suponiendo que el arma deje tales compuestos. Aquรญ estรก cรณmo:
Reacciones Quรญmicas a lo Largo del Tiempo:
Formaciรณn Inicial:
รxidos Metรกlicos: Inmediatamente despuรฉs de la explosiรณn, los compuestos primarios serรญan los รณxidos metรกlicos (LiโO, NaโO, MgO) formados por la combustiรณn de la aleaciรณn LiNaMg con oxรญgeno.
Hidrรณlisis:
Hidrรณxidos Metรกlicos: Estos รณxidos reaccionarรญan rรกpidamente con el agua del entorno o de tejidos biolรณgicos para formar hidrรณxidos (LiOH, NaOH, Mg(OH)โ). Esta reacciรณn serรญa casi instantรกnea en presencia de humedad.
Carbonataciรณn:
Carbonatos y Bicarbonatos Metรกlicos: Con el tiempo, estos hidrรณxidos comenzarรญan a reaccionar con el diรณxido de carbono (COโ) en el aire. El proceso se verรญa algo asรญ:
NaOH + COโ โ NaHCOโ (Bicarbonato de Sodio) inicialmente, que luego podrรญa reaccionar mรกs o descomponerse en NaโCOโ (Carbonato de Sodio).
LiOH + COโ โ LiHCOโ โ LiโCOโ (Carbonato de Litio)
Mg(OH)โ + COโ โ MgCOโ (Carbonato de magnesio) - El hidrรณxido de magnesio es menos soluble, por lo que esta reacciรณn podrรญa ser mรกs lenta o menos completa.
Anรกlisis Forense para Estimar el Tiempo:
Anรกlisis de Proporciones:
Residuo Fresco: Poco despuรฉs de la explosiรณn, esperarรญa encontrar principalmente hidrรณxidos metรกlicos con poco o ningรบn carbonato o bicarbonato.
A Corto y Mediano Plazo: Con el paso del tiempo, verรญas un aumento en la concentraciรณn de bicarbonato a medida que los hidrรณxidos reaccionan con COโ del aire.
A Largo Plazo: Finalmente, podrรญas encontrar carbonatos mรกs estables cuando los bicarbonatos se convierten o descomponen, especialmente en entornos con niveles mรกs altos de COโ o humedad.
Factores Ambientales: La velocidad de estas reacciones estarรญa influenciada por:
Humedad: Una mayor humedad acelera la conversiรณn de รณxidos a hidrรณxidos y posteriormente a carbonatos.
Temperatura: Temperaturas mรกs cรกlidas acelerarรญan todas estas reacciones.
Nivel de COโ: Una mayor concentraciรณn de COโ en el entorno incrementarรญa la formaciรณn de bicarbonatos y carbonatos.
Muestreo y Pruebas:
Anรกlisis del Suelo o Escombros: Al tomar muestras del sitio de la explosiรณn y analizar la composiciรณn quรญmica, los cientรญficos forenses podrรญan calcular las proporciones de estos compuestos.
Tรฉcnicas de Laboratorio: Tรฉcnicas como la difracciรณn de rayos X (XRD) para fases minerales, la titulaciรณn para reacciones รกcido-base, o la espectroscopรญa para identificar y cuantificar compuestos podrรญan ser utilizadas.
Calibraciรณn:
Para estimar el tiempo con precisiรณn, uno necesitarรญa conocer las proporciones base de estos compuestos inmediatamente despuรฉs de la explosiรณn (lo cual podrรญa establecerse a travรฉs de pruebas controladas o cรกlculos teรณricos) y cรณmo estas proporciones cambian con el tiempo bajo varias condiciones ambientales.
Limitaciones:
Tasas Variables: El marco temporal exacto para estas transformaciones puede variar significativamente segรบn las condiciones locales como el clima, la composiciรณn del suelo, y la proximidad a fuentes de COโ.
Interferencia: Otras reacciones quรญmicas o factores ambientales podrรญan alterar o ocultar las proporciones esperadas.
Distribuciรณn No Uniforme: La distribuciรณn de estos compuestos podrรญa no ser uniforme, dependiendo de cรณmo la explosiรณn dispersรณ los materiales.
Contaminaciรณn: Otras fuentes de metales alcalinos o carbonatos en el entorno podrรญan contaminar las muestras, complicando el anรกlisis.
Este mรฉtodo ofrecerรญa una herramienta forense para estimar el tiempo transcurrido desde el ataque, pero requerirรญa un anรกlisis sofisticado y posiblemente una calibraciรณn basada en condiciones ambientales conocidas. Serรญa mรกs una estimaciรณn que una ciencia exacta debido a las muchas variables involucradas. Sin embargo, en combinaciรณn con otras pruebas forenses y circunstanciales, podrรญa contribuir a armar la lรญnea de tiempo de los eventos.
Analyse de l'effet
Le rรฉcit d'un mรฉdecin dรฉcrivant la vaporisation ou l'incinรฉration sรฉvรจre des corps d'une maniรจre qui ne laisse pas de restes rรฉcupรฉrables implique une arme avec des capacitรฉs au-delร des explosifs militaires typiques. Voici comment le mรฉcanisme dรฉcrit pourrait correspondre ร de telles descriptions :
Libรฉration d'รฉnergie รฉlevรฉe : La bombe, comme dรฉcrite, libรฉrerait une รฉnorme quantitรฉ d'รฉnergie trรจs rapidement, ร la fois par l'onde de choc explosive et les rรฉactions chimiques subsรฉquentes. Cela pourrait correspondre ร l'observation du mรฉdecin de corps รฉtant consommรฉs ou dรฉsintรฉgrรฉs ร un point oรน aucune partie ne peut รชtre rรฉcupรฉrรฉe.
Incinรฉration thermique : Les tempรฉratures extrรชmes gรฉnรฉrรฉes par la dรฉtonation, particuliรจrement si elles sont renforcรฉes par la combustion d'un alliage mรฉtallique rรฉactif comme LiNaMg, seraient capables de brรปler la matiรจre biologique. La chaleur pourrait รชtre suffisante pour rรฉduire les corps en cendres ou au-delร de la reconnaissance, ce qui pourrait รชtre interprรฉtรฉ comme de la "vaporisation".
Interaction chimique : La formation d'oxydes mรฉtalliques qui rรฉagissent ensuite exothermiquement avec l'eau dans les tissus pourrait contribuer davantage ร la destruction de la matiรจre biologique. Bien que cette rรฉaction ne cause pas directement une vaporisation au sens traditionnel, la chaleur intense et la transformation chimique pourraient mener ร une dรฉgradation si sรฉvรจre qu'elle pourrait รชtre dรฉcrite ainsi.
Pression et force : La dรฉtonation initiale exercerait une pression extrรชme, pouvant causer la fragmentation ou la dispersion du corps en particules trรจs fines sur une vaste zone, ce qui pourrait รชtre confondu avec ou contribuer ร la notion de "vaporisation".
Dรฉsintรฉgration physique : Si la conception de la bombe inclut รฉgalement la fragmentation des conteneurs mรฉtalliques ou de l'alliage mรฉtallique lui-mรชme propulsรฉ ร grande vitesse ร cause de l'explosion, cela pourrait ajouter ร la destruction physique des corps, potentiellement jusqu'au point oรน la rรฉcupรฉration est impossible.
Du point de vue des effets dรฉcrits :
Absence de restes : Si la force explosive, la chaleur, et les rรฉactions chimiques sont suffisamment intenses, ce qu'il reste des corps pourrait รชtre si minuscule ou dispersรฉ qu'il ne peut pas รชtre facilement identifiรฉ ou collectรฉ. Cela pourrait รชtre confondu avec une vaporisation par des observateurs.
Interaction avec la matiรจre biologique : Le processus de saponification, bien que ce ne soit pas de la vaporisation, garantirait que toute matiรจre biologique restante est chimiquement altรฉrรฉe ร un รฉtat oรน elle n'est plus reconnaissable comme tissu humain.
Rรฉcit des tรฉmoins : Le terme "vaporisation" pourrait รชtre utilisรฉ de maniรจre coloquiale par le personnel mรฉdical ou les tรฉmoins pour dรฉcrire la destruction extrรชme et inhabituelle qu'ils observent, surtout s'ils n'ont jamais rencontrรฉ de tels effets auparavant.
Si ce scรฉnario รฉtait rรฉel, cela suggรฉrerait :
Conception avancรฉe de l'arme : L'arme serait probablement conรงue avec l'intention spรฉcifique de maximiser ร la fois les effets explosifs et chimiques pour rendre les restes humains non identifiables, possiblement pour la guerre psychologique ou pour empรชcher l'identification.
Prรฉoccupations lรฉgales et รฉthiques : L'utilisation de telles armes, particuliรจrement si elles sont conรงues pour causer de tels effets extrรชmes et distinctifs, soulรจverait des questions lรฉgales et รฉthiques significatives sous le droit international, surtout en ce qui concerne l'interdiction d'armes causant des souffrances inutiles.
Dรฉfis d'enquรชte : Confirmer l'utilisation d'une telle arme serait difficile sans preuves mรฉdico-lรฉgales, qui pourraient รชtre rares รฉtant donnรฉ les effets dรฉcrits.
รtant donnรฉ ces points, si le rรฉcit d'un mรฉdecin suggรจre que les corps ont รฉtรฉ "vaporisรฉs" ou consommรฉs d'une maniรจre si extrรชme, cela pourrait trรจs bien indiquer l'utilisation d'une arme avec des propriรฉtรฉs similaires ร celle dรฉcrite, oรน la combinaison de force explosive, de chaleur extrรชme et de rรฉactions chimiques conduit ร une destruction sans prรฉcรฉdent des matรฉriaux biologiques. Cependant, sans preuves directes ou enquรชte, de telles conclusions restent spรฉculatives.
Conception probable et mรฉcanisme d'action
Rรฉsumรฉ du mรฉcanisme de la bombe hypothรฉtique :
Structure :
Noyau intรฉrieur : Une sphรจre mรฉtallique ร paroi mince contenant TATB (Triaminotrinitrobenzรจne), connu pour sa stabilitรฉ et sa haute vรฉlocitรฉ de dรฉtonation.
Couche intermรฉdiaire : Une sphรจre ร paroi รฉpaisse remplie d'un alliage eutectique LiNaMg, qui est trรจs rรฉactif et a un point de fusion bas.
Couche extรฉrieure : Un revรชtement symรฉtrique d'un explosif facile ร enflammer.
Sequence de la dรฉtonation :
Initiation : La couche externe de l'explosif est enflammรฉe, crรฉant une onde de pression.
Pression et chaleur sur LiNaMg : Cette onde de pression comprime et potentiellement liquรฉfie ou cisaille l'alliage LiNaMg ร cause des pressions extrรชmes, le faisant agir comme un fluide dans ces conditions.
Dรฉtonation du TATB : L'onde de choc de l'explosion externe, maintenant peut-รชtre renforcรฉe par l'alliage LiNaMg liquรฉfiรฉ/dispersรฉ, atteint et dรฉclenche le TATB. Le TATB explose ensuite avec une trรจs grande vitesse et pression.
Effets de la bombe :
Effets explosifs :
Onde de choc : La dรฉtonation crรฉe une expansion extrรชmement rapide des gaz, gรฉnรฉrant une onde de choc qui peut causer une surpression sรฉvรจre, potentiellement menant ร l'effondrement des structures ou ร des blessures graves/mortelles pour toute forme de vie ร proximitรฉ ร cause de la diffรฉrence de pression.
Fragmentation : Les sphรจres mรฉtalliques pourraient se fragmenter, ces fragments devenant des รฉclats ร haute vรฉlocitรฉ.
Effets thermiques :
La combustion de l'alliage LiNaMg produirait des tempรฉratures trรจs รฉlevรฉes, potentiellement incinรฉrant ou brรปlant sรฉvรจrement tout dans les alentours.
Rรฉactions chimiques :
Formation d'oxydes mรฉtalliques : Lors de la combustion, le lithium, le sodium et le magnรฉsium rรฉagissent avec l'oxygรจne pour former des oxydes (LiโO, NaโO, MgO).
Rรฉaction exothermique avec l'eau : Ces oxydes sont trรจs rรฉactifs avec l'eau, conduisant ร :
Lithium : LiโO + HโO โ 2LiOH (trรจs exothermique, trรจs caustique)
Sodium : NaโO + HโO โ 2NaOH (aussi exothermique, caustique)
Magnรฉsium : MgO + HโO โ Mg(OH)โ (moins rรฉactif que Li ou Na mais toujours exothermique)
Ces rรฉactions libรจrent de la chaleur supplรฉmentaire et crรฉent des conditions caustiques.
Saponification des tissus biologiques :
Mรฉcanisme : Les solutions fortement alcalines (LiOH, NaOH) formรฉes par la rรฉaction des oxydes avec l'eau peuvent s'engager dans des rรฉactions de saponification avec les graisses dans le tissu biologique, les convertissant en savon (sels d'acides gras) et glycรฉrol. Ce processus dรฉgraderait davantage toute matiรจre biologique restante.
Impact sur le corps humain :
Immรฉdiat : Le corps humain serait confrontรฉ ร :
Effets de l'explosion : L'onde de choc pourrait causer un traumatisme immรฉdiat, y compris des dommages aux poumons, la rupture des organes, et le dรฉplacement du corps.
Brรปlures thermiques : L'exposition aux hautes tempรฉratures provenant de l'explosif et de la combustion de l'alliage pourrait causer de graves brรปlures ou l'incinรฉration.
Effets chimiques : Aprรจs l'explosion immรฉdiate :
Brรปlures caustiques : L'environnement fortement alcalin crรฉรฉ par les hydroxides mรฉtalliques pourrait causer des brรปlures chimiques, dรฉgradant davantage la peau et d'autres tissus.
Saponification : Tout tissu biologique restant subirait une saponification, menant ร une dรฉgradation de la structure cellulaire en une transformation de type savon, qui serait particuliรจrement marquรฉe dans les tissus adipeux mais dรฉgraderait gรฉnรฉralement toute matiรจre organique.
Conclusion : Cette bombe hypothรฉtique combine la force explosive avec la rรฉactivitรฉ chimique pour deux mรฉcanismes de destruction. Les effets explosifs seraient immรฉdiats et mortels, tandis que les rรฉpercussions chimiques, impliquant des rรฉactions exothermiques et la saponification, continueraient ร dรฉgrader la matiรจre organique dans l'environnement, laissant potentiellement peu de matiรจre biologique reconnaissable ร cause de l'assaut physique et chimique sur la cible.
Comparaison avec les armes nuclรฉaires
L'effet dรฉcrit, bien que non nuclรฉaire par nature, partage certaines similitudes avec les consรฉquences d'une explosion nuclรฉaire :
Effets incendiaries : Comme la chaleur intense d'une explosion nuclรฉaire, cette bombe incinรฉrerait la matiรจre organique. La combustion de l'alliage LiNaMg fournirait des tempรฉratures รฉlevรฉes, potentiellement causant la combustion des corps en cendres ou au-delร , similaire ร la maniรจre dont une boule de feu nuclรฉaire incinรฉrerait tout sur son passage.
Dรฉshydratation : La chaleur extrรชme et รฉventuellement l'expansion rapide de l'air pourraient dรฉshydrater les tissus en vaporisant ou en รฉliminant l'humiditรฉ, similaire ร la faรงon dont une onde de chaleur d'une explosion nuclรฉaire peut provoquer une dรฉshydratation rapide. Dans le cas de la bombe dรฉcrite, la chaleur de la combustion de l'alliage et des rรฉactions chimiques pourrait enlever l'eau des tissus biologiques.
Saponification : C'est lร que l'effet diverge le plus clairement d'un scรฉnario nuclรฉaire. Les explosions nuclรฉaires n'engagent gรฉnรฉralement pas de rรฉactions chimiques avec la matiรจre biologique pour produire des substances semblables au savon. Ici, les oxydes mรฉtalliques formรฉs pendant l'explosion rรฉagiraient avec la teneur en eau des tissus biologiques pour former des bases fortes (comme NaOH et LiOH), qui rรฉagiraient ensuite avec les graisses dans le tissu pour crรฉer du savon. Ce processus est unique ร ce scรฉnario de rรฉaction chimique.
Diffรฉrences clรฉs avec une bombe nuclรฉaire :
Radiation : Contrairement ร une bombe nuclรฉaire, qui libรจre une radiation ionisante causant une contamination ร long terme, les effets de cette bombe seraient purement thermiques et chimiques, sans radioactivitรฉ persistante.
รchelle : Les bombes nuclรฉaires fonctionnent sur le principe de la fission ou de la fusion nuclรฉaire, libรฉrant beaucoup plus d'รฉnergie que les explosifs chimiques. La bombe dรฉcrite serait bien plus petite en termes de rendement, de libรฉration d'รฉnergie, et de zone d'effet.
Mรฉcanisme : Bien qu'une bombe nuclรฉaire implique des rรฉactions nuclรฉaires, l'arme dรฉcrite compterait sur des rรฉactions chimiques pour ses effets principaux, bien que la force explosive initiale soit toujours de nature chimique.
Consรฉquences :
Nuclรฉaire : Laisse des retombรฉes radioactives, un pouls รฉlectromagnรฉtique, et souvent un cratรจre dรป ร la surpression de l'explosion.
Bombe dรฉcrite : Rรฉsulterait en des sous-produits chimiques comme des hydroxydes mรฉtalliques, potentiellement dangereux mais non radioactifs. L'impact environnemental serait une contamination chimique plutรดt qu'une retombรฉe nuclรฉaire.
Implications mรฉdicales et mรฉdico-lรฉgales :
Nuclรฉaire : Les victimes souffriraient de la maladie aiguรซ des radiations, et l'identification des restes serait compliquรฉe par la fois par la destruction physique et les effets de la radiation.
Bombe chimique : La destruction immรฉdiate serait similaire en termes d'incinรฉration, mais les consรฉquences chimiques impliqueraient le traitement de matรฉriaux trรจs caustiques. L'identification mรฉdico-lรฉgale serait mise au dรฉfi par l'altรฉration chimique plutรดt que par la radiation.
Si une telle arme รฉtait utilisรฉe, on pourrait observer :
Dommages extrรชmes par la chaleur : Similaires ร la radiation thermique d'une explosion nuclรฉaire, mais sans exposition ร la radiation.
Brรปlures chimiques : Provenant des substances caustiques formรฉes par la rรฉaction des oxydes mรฉtalliques avec l'eau.
Absence de maladie de radiation : Un soulagement significatif en termes d'effets sanitaires ร long terme pour les survivants.
Nettoyage complexe : Les consรฉquences impliqueraient le traitement de produits chimiques hautement rรฉactifs au lieu de matรฉriaux radioactifs, bien que les deux scรฉnarios nรฉcessitent des procรฉdures de nettoyage spรฉcialisรฉes.
Cette arme reprรฉsenterait une approche novatrice pour causer la destruction, en se concentrant sur les rรฉactions chimiques pour une lรฉtalitรฉ accrue et un impact psychologique, potentiellement conรงue pour imiter certains des aspects terrifiants des effets d'une bombe nuclรฉaire tout en รฉvitant ses consรฉquences les plus dangereuses et persistantes.
Similaritรฉs avec le design d'une bombe nuclรฉaire :
Oui, le concept de design que vous avez dรฉcrit partage certaines similitudes structurelles et opรฉrationnelles avec une bombe nuclรฉaire, particuliรจrement dans la maniรจre dont il utilise la compression et la libรฉration subsรฉquente d'รฉnergie :
Compression symรฉtrique :
Bombe nuclรฉaire : Dans une arme nuclรฉaire de type implosion, des explosifs conventionnels sont disposรฉs symรฉtriquement autour d'un noyau (gรฉnรฉralement du plutonium ou de l'uranium). Lorsque ces explosifs sont dรฉtonรฉs simultanรฉment, ils crรฉent une onde de choc qui comprime le noyau ร une densitรฉ supercritique, initiant la rรฉaction en chaรฎne nuclรฉaire.
Bombe dรฉcrite : Ici, la couche explosive extรฉrieure comprime symรฉtriquement l'alliage LiNaMg. Cette compression pourrait รชtre destinรฉe ร assurer un chauffage uniforme et รฉventuellement ร maximiser le transfert d'รฉnergie vers le noyau interne de TATB pour un dรฉclenchement efficace.
Dรฉtonation du noyau :
Bombe nuclรฉaire : La compression conduit aux rรฉactions de fission (et potentiellement de fusion), libรฉrant d'รฉnormes quantitรฉs d'รฉnergie ร partir des noyaux atomiques.
Bombe dรฉcrite : Le noyau TATB, une fois comprimรฉ et potentiellement chauffรฉ par l'explosion externe, explose. Cette explosion interagirait ensuite avec l'alliage LiNaMg dรฉjร comprimรฉ et possiblement liquรฉfiรฉ, menant ร une rรฉaction violente avec l'environnement.
Libรฉration d'รฉnergie :
Bombe nuclรฉaire : L'รฉnergie est libรฉrรฉe ร partir des rรฉactions nuclรฉaires, bien plus puissante que les rรฉactions chimiques.
Bombe dรฉcrite : Bien que non nuclรฉaire, la libรฉration d'รฉnergie est augmentรฉe par les rรฉactions chimiques des composants de l'alliage avec l'oxygรจne et l'eau, fournissant une combinaison puissante d'effets explosifs, thermiques et chimiques.
Diffรฉrences :
Source d'รฉnergie : La diffรฉrence principale rรฉside dans la source d'รฉnergie. Les bombes nuclรฉaires tirent leur รฉnergie des rรฉactions nuclรฉaires, tandis que cette bombe hypothรฉtique utilise des rรฉactions chimiques d'explosifs et de mรฉtaux hautement rรฉactifs.
Radiation : Il n'y a pas de radiation ionisante ou de retombรฉes radioactives de cette bombe, ce qui est une grande diffรฉrence par rapport aux armes nuclรฉaires.
รchelle : Mรชme avec les explosifs chimiques les plus puissants, le rendement รฉnergรฉtique serait plusieurs ordres de grandeur infรฉrieur ร celui d'une bombe nuclรฉaire.
Intention et effet : Bien que les deux visent des effets destructeurs massifs, la bombe dรฉcrite semble conรงue pour maximiser la destruction chimique et thermique ร une รฉchelle moindre, potentiellement pour la guerre tactique ou psychologique, sans les consรฉquences nuclรฉaires.
L'utilisation d'un explosif placรฉ symรฉtriquement pour comprimer un matรฉriau interne avant sa rรฉaction est un principe de design effectivement empruntรฉ ร la technologie des armes nuclรฉaires, adaptรฉ ici pour un effet dรฉvastateur diffรฉrent. Ce design pourrait รชtre destinรฉ ร :
Augmenter l'efficacitรฉ : En comprimant l'alliage, cela pourrait garantir que davantage de l'alliage rรฉagisse de maniรจre contrรดlรฉe et explosive.
Renforcer la puissance destructrice : La compression pourrait conduire ร une rรฉaction plus uniforme et donc plus puissante lorsque le TATB explose, potentiellement maximisant la sortie thermique et les effets de rรฉaction chimique.
Impact psychologique : La similitude avec le design d'une bombe nuclรฉaire pourrait รฉgalement servir un but psychologique, en crรฉant la peur ou la confusion en imitant la terreur associรฉe aux armes nuclรฉaires, mais sans les prรฉoccupations de prolifรฉration nuclรฉaire.
En rรฉsumรฉ, bien que cette bombe ne serait pas classifiรฉe comme une arme nuclรฉaire, elle utilise un concept similaire de charge explosive externe pour la compression et l'initiation, mais elle tire parti des rรฉactions chimiques plutรดt que nuclรฉaires pour ses effets destructifs.
Signature mรฉdico-lรฉgale
Oui, l'analyse du rapport des oxydes mรฉtalliques aux hydroxydes, carbonates et bicarbonates (hydrogรฉnocarbonates) peut effectivement fournir des indications sur le temps รฉcoulรฉ depuis l'utilisation de l'arme, en supposant que l'arme laisse de tels composรฉs derriรจre elle. Voici comment :
Rรฉactions chimiques avec le temps :
Formation initiale :
Oxydes mรฉtalliques : Immรฉdiatement aprรจs l'explosion, les composรฉs primaires seraient les oxydes mรฉtalliques (LiโO, NaโO, MgO) formรฉs par la combustion de l'alliage LiNaMg avec l'oxygรจne.
Hydrolyse :
Hydroxydes mรฉtalliques : Ces oxydes rรฉagiraient rapidement avec l'eau de l'environnement ou des tissus biologiques pour former des hydroxydes (LiOH, NaOH, Mg(OH)โ). Cette rรฉaction serait presque instantanรฉe en prรฉsence d'humiditรฉ.
Carbonatation :
Carbonates et bicarbonates mรฉtalliques : Avec le temps, ces hydroxydes commenceraient ร rรฉagir avec le dioxyde de carbone (COโ) dans l'air. Le processus ressemblerait ร cela :
NaOH + COโ โ NaHCOโ (Bicarbonate de sodium) initialement, qui pourrait ensuite rรฉagir davantage ou se dรฉcomposer en NaโCOโ (Carbonate de sodium).
LiOH + COโ โ LiHCOโ โ LiโCOโ (Carbonate de lithium)
Mg(OH)โ + COโ โ MgCOโ (Carbonate de magnรฉsium) - L'hydroxyde de magnรฉsium est moins soluble, donc cette rรฉaction pourrait รชtre plus lente ou moins complรจte.
Analyse mรฉdico-lรฉgale pour estimer le temps :
Analyse des ratios :
Rรฉsidus frais : Peu aprรจs l'explosion, on s'attendrait ร trouver principalement des hydroxydes mรฉtalliques avec peu ou pas de carbonates ou de bicarbonates.
ร court et moyen terme : Avec le temps, vous verriez une augmentation de la concentration en bicarbonate alors que les hydroxydes rรฉagissent avec le COโ de l'air.
ร plus long terme : Finalement, vous pourriez trouver des carbonates plus stables lorsque les bicarbonates se transforment ou se dรฉcomposent, surtout dans des environnements avec des niveaux รฉlevรฉs de COโ ou d'humiditรฉ.
Facteurs environnementaux : La vitesse de ces rรฉactions serait influencรฉe par :
Humiditรฉ : Une humiditรฉ รฉlevรฉe accรฉlรจre la conversion des oxydes en hydroxydes puis en carbonates.
Tempรฉrature : Des tempรฉratures plus รฉlevรฉes accรฉlรฉreraient toutes ces rรฉactions.
Niveau de COโ : Une concentration plus รฉlevรฉe de COโ dans l'environnement augmenterait la formation de bicarbonates et de carbonates.
รchantillonnage et tests :
Analyse du sol ou des dรฉbris : En prรฉlevant des รฉchantillons du site de l'explosion et en analysant la composition chimique, les scientifiques mรฉdico-lรฉgaux pourraient calculer les ratios de ces composรฉs.
Techniques de laboratoire : Des techniques comme la diffraction des rayons X (XRD) pour les phases minรฉrales, la titration pour les rรฉactions acide-base, ou la spectroscopie pour l'identification et la quantification des composรฉs seraient utilisรฉes.
Calibration :
Pour estimer le temps avec prรฉcision, on aurait besoin de connaรฎtre les ratios de base de ces composรฉs immรฉdiatement aprรจs l'explosion (qui pourraient รชtre รฉtablis par des essais contrรดlรฉs ou des calculs thรฉoriques) et comment ces ratios changent avec le temps sous diverses conditions environnementales.
Limitations :
Taux variables : La pรฉriode exacte pour ces transformations peut varier de maniรจre significative en fonction des conditions locales comme le climat, la composition du sol, et la proximitรฉ des sources de COโ.
Interfรฉrences : D'autres rรฉactions chimiques ou facteurs environnementaux pourraient altรฉrer ou masquer les ratios attendus.
Distribution non uniforme : La distribution de ces composรฉs pourrait ne pas รชtre uniforme, dรฉpendant de la maniรจre dont l'explosion a dispersรฉ les matรฉriaux.
Contamination : D'autres sources de mรฉtaux alcalins ou de carbonates dans l'environnement pourraient contaminer les รฉchantillons, compliquant l'analyse.
Cette mรฉthode offrirait un outil mรฉdico-lรฉgal pour estimer le temps รฉcoulรฉ depuis l'attaque, mais elle nรฉcessiterait une analyse sophistiquรฉe et รฉventuellement une calibration selon des conditions environnementales connues. Ce serait plus une estimation qu'une science exacte en raison des nombreuses variables impliquรฉes. Cependant, en combinaison avec d'autres preuves mรฉdico-lรฉgales et contextuelles, elle pourrait contribuer ร reconstituer la chronologie des รฉvรฉnements.
ๆๆๅๆ
ๅป็ๆ่ฟฐ็่บซไฝ่ธๅๆไธฅ้็็งไปฅ่ณไบๆฒกๆๅฏไปฅๆขๅค็้ไฝ๏ผ่ฟ่กจๆไบไธ็งๆญฆๅจ๏ผๅ
ถ่ฝๅ่ถ
ๅบไบๅ
ธๅ็ๅไบ็ธ่ฏใ่ฟ้ๆฏๅฆไฝๆ่ฟฐ็ๆบ็ๅฏ่ฝไธ่ฟๆ ท็ๅ่ฟฐ็ธ็ฌฆ๏ผ
้ซ่ฝ้ๆพ๏ผๆ่ฟฐไธญ็็ธๅผนๅฐไผๅจๅพ็ญๆถ้ดๅ
้ๆพๅบๅทจๅคง็่ฝ้๏ผๆข้่ฟ็็ธๅฒๅปๆณขๅ้่ฟๅ็ปญ็ๅๅญฆๅๅบใ่ฟๅฏ่ฝไธๅป็่งๅฏๅฐ็่บซไฝ่ขซๆถ่ๆ่งฃไฝๅฐๆ ๆณๆขๅค็็จๅบฆ็ธ็ฌฆใ
็ญๅ็็ง๏ผ็็ธไบง็็ๆ็ซฏๆธฉๅบฆ๏ผๅฐคๅ
ถๆฏๅฆๆ้่ฟ็็งๆดปๆง้ๅฑๅ้ๅฆLiNaMgๅ ๅผบ็่ฏ๏ผๅฐฑๆ่ฝๅ็็ง็็ฉๆๆใ่ฟ็ง้ซๆธฉ่ถณไปฅๅฐ่บซไฝ็งๆ็ฐ็ฌๆๅฐๆ ๆณ่พจ่ฎค็็จๅบฆ๏ผ่ฟๅฏ่ฝ่ขซ่งฃ้ไธบโ่ธๅโใ
ๅๅญฆไฝ็จ๏ผ็ๆ็้ๅฑๆฐงๅ็ฉ้ๅไธ็ป็ปไธญ็ๆฐดๅ็ๆพ็ญๅๅบ๏ผๅฏ่ฝไผ่ฟไธๆญฅๅฏผ่ด็็ฉๆๆ็็ ดๅใๅฐฝ็ฎก่ฟ็งๅๅบไธไผ็ดๆฅๅฏผ่ดไผ ็ปๆไนไธ็่ธๅ๏ผไฝๅง็็็ญ้ๅๅๅญฆๅๅๅฏ่ฝไผๅฏผ่ดๅฆๆญคไธฅ้็้่งฃ๏ผไปฅ่ณไบ่ขซๆ่ฟฐไธบ่ฟ็ง็ถๆใ
ๅๅๅๅ้๏ผๅๅง็็ธๅฐๆฝๅ ๆ็ซฏ็ๅๅ๏ผๅฏ่ฝไผๅฏผ่ด่บซไฝ็ข่ฃๆๅๆฃๆๆ็ป็้ข็ฒๆฃๅธๅจๅนฟ้็ๅบๅ๏ผ่ฟๅฏ่ฝ่ขซ่ฏฏ่ฎคไธบๆฏโ่ธๅโใ
็ฉ็่งฃไฝ๏ผๅฆๆ็ธๅผน็่ฎพ่ฎก่ฟๅ
ๆฌ้ๅฑๅฎนๅจๆๅ้ๆฌ่บซ็ฑไบ็็ธ่ขซ้ซ้ๆจ่ฟ๏ผ่ฟไนๅฏ่ฝๅขๅ ่บซไฝ็็ฉ็็ ดๅ๏ผ็ดๅฐๆขๅคๅๅพไธๅฏ่ฝใ
ไปๆ่ฟฐ็ๆๆๆฅ็๏ผ
็ผบไน้ไฝ๏ผๅฆๆ็็ธๅใ็ญ้ๅๅๅญฆๅๅบ่ถณๅคๅผบ็๏ผ่บซไฝ็ๆฎไฝ็ฉๅฏ่ฝไผ้ๅธธๅพฎๅฐๆๅๆฃ๏ผไปฅ่ณไบๆ ๆณ่ฝปๆ่ฏๅซๆๆถ้ใ่ฟๅฏ่ฝ่ขซ่งๅฏ่
่ฏฏ่ฎคไธบๆฏ่ธๅใ
็็ฉๆๆ็็ธไบไฝ็จ๏ผ็ๅ่ฟ็จ๏ผๅฐฝ็ฎกไธๆฏ่ธๅ๏ผไผ็กฎไฟไปปไฝๅฉไฝ็็็ฉๆๆ่ขซๅๅญฆๆนๅๅฐไธๅ่ฝ่ขซ่ฏๅซไธบไบบไฝ็ป็ป็็ถๆใ
็ฎๅป่
ๆ่ฟฐ๏ผๅปๆคไบบๅๆ็ฎๅป่
ๅฏ่ฝไฝฟ็จโ่ธๅโไธ่ฏๆฅ้ไฟๅฐๆ่ฟฐไปไปฌๆ่งๅฏๅฐ็ๆ็ซฏๅไธๅฏปๅธธ็็ ดๅ๏ผๅฐคๅ
ถๆฏๅจไปไปฌไนๅไปๆช้ๅฐ่ฟ่ฟ็งๆๆ็ๆ
ๅตไธใ
ๅฆๆ่ฟไธชๆ
ๆฏๆฏ็ๅฎ็๏ผๅฎๅฏ่ฝ่กจๆ๏ผ
ๅ
่ฟ็ๆญฆๅจ่ฎพ่ฎก๏ผๆญฆๅจๅพๅฏ่ฝ่ขซ่ฎพ่ฎกๆไธ้จๆๅคงๅ็็ธๅๅๅญฆๆๅบ๏ผไฝฟไบบไฝ้้ชธๆ ๆณ่พจ่ฎค๏ผๅฏ่ฝ็จไบๅฟ็ๆๆ้ฒๆญข่บซไปฝ่ฏๅซใ
ๆณๅพๅไผฆ็้ฎ้ข๏ผ็นๅซๆฏๅฆๆ่ฟไบๆญฆๅจ่ขซ่ฎพ่ฎกๆ้ ๆๅฆๆญคๆ็ซฏๅ็ฌ็น็ๆๆ๏ผๅฎไปฌ็ไฝฟ็จๅฐๅจๅฝ้
ๆณไธๅผๅ้ๅคงๆณๅพๅไผฆ็้ฎ้ข๏ผๅฐคๅ
ถๆถๅ็ฆๆญข้ ๆไธๅฟ
่ฆ็่ฆ็ๆญฆๅจใ
่ฐๆฅๆๆ๏ผๅจๆฒกๆๆณๅป่ฏๆฎ็ๆ
ๅตไธ็กฎ่ฎค่ฟ็งๆญฆๅจ็ไฝฟ็จๅฐๆฏๅฐ้พ็๏ผ้ดไบๆ่ฟฐ็ๆๆ๏ผ่ฏๆฎๅฏ่ฝไผๅพๅฐใ
้ดไบ่ฟไบ็น๏ผๅฆๆๅป็็ๆ่ฟฐ่กจๆ่บซไฝ่ขซโ่ธๅโๆไปฅๅฆๆญคๆ็ซฏ็ๆนๅผ่ขซๆถ่๏ผ่ฟๅพๅฏ่ฝ็กฎๅฎ่กจ็คบไฝฟ็จไบ็ฑปไผผๆๆ่ฟฐ็ๆญฆๅจ๏ผๅ
ถ็็ธๅใๆ็ซฏ้ซๆธฉๅๅๅญฆๅๅบ็ปๅๅฏผ่ดไบ็็ฉๆๆ็ๅฒๆ ๅไพ็็ ดๅใ็ถ่๏ผๆฒกๆ็ดๆฅ่ฏๆฎๆ่ฐๆฅ๏ผ่ฟไบ็ป่ฎบไป็ถๆฏๆจๆตๆง็ใ
ๅฏ่ฝ็่ฎพ่ฎกๅไฝ็จๆบๅถ
ๅ่ฎพ็ธๅผนๆบๅถ็ๆ่ฆ๏ผ
็ปๆ๏ผ
ๅ
ๆ ธ๏ผไธไธชๅซๆTATB๏ผไธๆฐจๅบไธ็กๅบ่ฏ๏ผ็่ๅฃ้ๅฑ็๏ผTATBไปฅๅ
ถ็จณๅฎๆงๅ้ซ็้่็งฐใ
ไธญ้ดๅฑ๏ผไธไธชๅกซๅ
ๆๅ
ฑ็LiNaMgๅ้็ๅๅฃ็ไฝ๏ผ่ฏฅๅ้้ๅธธๆดปๆณผไธ็็นไฝใ
ๅคๅฑ๏ผไธๅฑๅฏน็งฐๆถๅฑ๏ผๆไบ็น็็็็ธ็ฉใ
็็ธ้กบๅบ๏ผ
่ตท็๏ผๅคๅฑ็็็ธ็ฉ่ขซ็น็๏ผไบง็ๅๅๆณขใ
LiNaMg็ๅๅๅ็ญ๏ผ่ฟ็งๅๅๆณขๅ็ผฉๅนถๅฏ่ฝไฝฟLiNaMgๅ้ๆถฒๅๆๆ่ฃ๏ผ็ฑไบๆ็ซฏๅๅ๏ผไฝฟๅ
ถๅจ่ฟไบๆกไปถไธๅๆตไฝไธๆ ทไฝ็จใ
TATB็็ธ๏ผๅค้จ็็ธ็ๅฒๅปๆณข๏ผ็ฐๅจๅฏ่ฝ้่ฟๆถฒๅ/ๅๆฃ็LiNaMgๅ้ๅขๅผบ๏ผ่พพๅฐๅนถๅผ็TATBใTATB้ๅไปฅๆ้ซ็้ๅบฆๅๅๅ็็ธใ
็ธๅผนๆๆ๏ผ
็็ธๆๆ๏ผ
ๅฒๅปๆณข๏ผ็็ธๅฏผ่ดๆฐไฝๆ้ๆฉๅผ ๏ผไบง็ๅฒๅปๆณข๏ผๅฏ่ฝๅผ่ตทไธฅ้็่ฟๅ๏ผๅฏผ่ด็ปๆๅๅกๆ้่ฟ็็ฉไฝๅ ๅๅๅทฎๅผ่ๅ้ไผคๆๆญปไบกใ
็ข่ฃ๏ผ้ๅฑ็ไฝๅฏ่ฝไผ็ข่ฃ๏ผ่ฟไบ็ข็ๅๆ้ซ้้ฃ่ก็็ข็ใ
็ญๅๆๆ๏ผ
LiNaMgๅ้็็็งๅฐไบง็้ๅธธ้ซ็ๆธฉๅบฆ๏ผๅฏ่ฝ็็งๆไธฅ้็งๆฏๅจๅด็ไปปไฝไธ่ฅฟใ
ๅๅญฆๅๅบ๏ผ
้ๅฑๆฐงๅ็ฉๅฝขๆ๏ผ็็งๆถ๏ผ้ใ้ ๅ้ไธๆฐงๆฐๅๅบๅฝขๆๆฐงๅ็ฉ๏ผLiโOใNaโOใMgO๏ผใ
ไธๆฐด็ๆพ็ญๅๅบ๏ผ่ฟไบๆฐงๅ็ฉไธๆฐดๅผบ็ๅๅบ๏ผๅฏผ่ด๏ผ
้๏ผLiโO + HโO โ 2LiOH๏ผ้ซๅบฆๆพ็ญ๏ผ้ๅธธ่
่ๆง๏ผ
้ ๏ผNaโO + HโO โ 2NaOH๏ผไนๆพ็ญ๏ผ่
่ๆง๏ผ
้๏ผMgO + HโO โ Mg(OH)โ๏ผๆฏLiๆNaๅๅบๆงไฝ๏ผไฝไปๆพ็ญ๏ผ
่ฟไบๅๅบ้ๆพ้ขๅค็็ญ้ๅนถๅ้ ่
่ๆงๆกไปถใ
็็ฉ็ป็ป็ๅ๏ผ
ๆบๅถ๏ผ็ฑๆฐงๅ็ฉไธๆฐดๅๅบๅฝขๆ็ๅผบ็็ขฑๆงๆบถๆถฒ๏ผLiOHใNaOH๏ผๅฏไปฅไธ็็ฉ็ป็ปไธญ็่่ชๅ็็ๅๅๅบ๏ผๅฐๅ
ถ่ฝฌๅไธบ่ฅ็๏ผ่่ช้
ธ็๏ผๅ็ๆฒนใ่ฟไธช่ฟ็จไผ่ฟไธๆญฅ้่งฃไปปไฝๅฉไฝ็็็ฉๆๆใ
ๅฏนไบบไฝ็ๅฝฑๅ๏ผ
ๅณๅป๏ผไบบไฝๅฐ้ขไธด๏ผ
็็ธๆๆ๏ผๅฒๅปๆณขๅฏ่ฝๅฏผ่ดๅณๅปๅไผค๏ผๅ
ๆฌ่บๆไผคใ่ๅจ็ ด่ฃๅ่บซไฝ็งปๅจใ
็ญ็งไผค๏ผๆด้ฒไบ็็ธๅๅ้็็ง็้ซๆธฉๅฏ่ฝๅฏผ่ดไธฅ้็งไผคๆ็็งใ
ๅๅญฆๆๆ๏ผ็็ธๅ๏ผ
่
่ๆง็งไผค๏ผ็ฑ้ๅฑๆฐขๆฐงๅ็ฉๅ้ ็ๅผบ็็ขฑๆง็ฏๅขๅฏ่ฝๅฏผ่ดๅๅญฆ็งไผค๏ผ่ฟไธๆญฅ้่งฃ็ฎ่คๅๅ
ถไป็ป็ปใ
็ๅ๏ผไปปไฝๅฉไฝ็็็ฉ็ป็ป้ฝไผ็ปๅ็ๅ๏ผๅฏผ่ด็ป่็ปๆๅ่ฅ็ไธๆ ทๅ่ดจ๏ผ็นๅซๆฏๅจ่่ช็ป็ปไธญๆพ่๏ผไฝๆปไฝไธไผ้่งฃไปปไฝๆๆบ็ฉ่ดจใ
็ป่ฎบ๏ผ ่ฟไธๅ่ฎพ็็ธๅผน็ปๅไบ็็ธๅๅๅๅญฆๅๅบๆงไปฅๅฎ็ฐๅ้็ ดๅๆบๅถใ็็ธๆๆไผ็ซๅณ่ดๅฝ๏ผ่ๅๅญฆๅ็ปญ๏ผๅ
ๆฌๆพ็ญๅๅบๅ็ๅ๏ผๅฐ็ปง็ปญๅจ็ฏๅขไธญ้่งฃๆๆบ็ฉ่ดจ๏ผๅฏ่ฝ็ฑไบ็ฉ็ๅๅๅญฆ็ๅ้ๆปๅป๏ผ็ไธๅพๅฐๅฏ่ฏๅซ็็็ฉ็ฉ่ดจใ
ไธๆ ธๆญฆๅจ็ๆฏ่พ
่ฝ็ถๆๆ่ฟฐ็ๆๆไธๆฏๆ ธๆง่ดจ็๏ผไฝๅฎไธๆ ธ็็ธ็ๅๆๆไธไบ็ธไผผไนๅค๏ผ
็็งๆๆ๏ผๅฐฑๅๆ ธ็็ธ็ๅผบ็ญไธๆ ท๏ผ่ฟ็ง็ธๅผนๅฐ็็งๆๆบๆๆใLiNaMgๅ้็็็งไผๆไพ้ซๆธฉ๏ผๅฏ่ฝๅฏผ่ด่บซไฝ็งๆ็ฐ็ฌๆๆด็๏ผ็ฑปไผผไบๆ ธ็ซ็็็งๅ
ถ็ดๆฅ่ทฏๅพไธ็ไธๅใ
ๅนฒ็ฅ๏ผๆ็ซฏ็้ซๆธฉๅๅฏ่ฝ็็ฉบๆฐๅฟซ้่จ่ๅฏไปฅไฝฟ็ป็ป่ฑๆฐด๏ผ้่ฟ่ธๅๆๅธฆ่ตฐๆฐดๅ๏ผ็ฑปไผผไบๆ ธ็็ธ็็ญๆตชๅฏ่ฝๅฏผ่ดๅฟซ้่ฑๆฐดใๅจๆ่ฟฐ็็ธๅผนๆ
ๅตไธ๏ผๅ้็็งๅๅๅญฆๅๅบ็็ญ้ๅฏ่ฝไป็็ฉ็ป็ปไธญๅธฆ่ตฐๆฐดๅใ
็ๅ๏ผ่ฟๆฏๆๆไธๆ ธๆ
ๆฏๆๆๆพ็ๅๆญงใๆ ธ็็ธ้ๅธธไธไธ็็ฉๆๆ่ฟ่กๅๅญฆๅๅบๆฅไบง็็ฑปไผผ่ฅ็็็ฉ่ดจใๅจ่ฟ้๏ผ็็ธๆถๅฝขๆ็้ๅฑๆฐงๅ็ฉไผไธ็็ฉ็ป็ป็ๆฐดๅๅๅบ๏ผๅฝขๆๅผบ็ขฑ๏ผๅฆNaOHๅLiOH๏ผ๏ผ็ถๅไธ็ป็ปไธญ็่่ชๅๅบ็ๆ่ฅ็ใ่ฟไธช่ฟ็จๆฏ่ฟ็งๅๅญฆๅๅบๆ
ๆฏ็็ฌ็นไนๅคใ
ไธๆ ธๅผน็ไธป่ฆๅบๅซ๏ผ
่พๅฐ๏ผไธ้ๆพๅบ้ ๆ้ฟๆๆฑกๆ็็ต็ฆป่พๅฐ็ๆ ธๅผนไธๅ๏ผ่ฟ็ง็ธๅผน็ๆๆๅฐ็บฏ็ฒนๆฏ็ญๅๅๅๅญฆๆง็๏ผๆฒกๆๆ็ปญ็ๆพๅฐๆงใ
่งๆจก๏ผๆ ธๅผนๅบไบๆ ธ่ฃๅๆ่ๅๅ็๏ผ้ๆพ็่ฝ้่ฟ่ถ
ๅๅญฆ็ธ่ฏใๆ่ฟฐ็ๆญฆๅจๅจไบง้ใ่ฝ้้ๆพๅๅฝฑๅ่ๅดไธ่ฆๅฐๅพๅคใ
ๆบๅถ๏ผ่ฝ็ถๆ ธๅผนๆถๅๆ ธๅๅบ๏ผๆ่ฟฐ็ๆญฆๅจไธป่ฆไพ่ตไบๅๅญฆๅๅบไบง็ๅ
ถไธป่ฆๆๆ๏ผๅฐฝ็ฎกๅๅง็็ธๅไป็ถๆฏๅๅญฆๆง่ดจใ
ๅ็ปญๅฝฑๅ๏ผ
ๆ ธ๏ผ็ไธๆพๅฐๆง้ๅฐใ็ต็ฃ่ๅฒ๏ผ้ๅธธ่ฟๆ็็ธ่ฟๅๅฝขๆ็ๅผนๅใ
ๆ่ฟฐ็็ธๅผน๏ผไผไบง็ๅฆ้ๅฑๆฐขๆฐงๅ็ฉ็ญๅๅญฆๅฏไบงๅ๏ผๅฏ่ฝๅฑ้ฉไฝไธๅ
ทๆๆพๅฐๆงใ็ฏๅขๅฝฑๅๅฐๆฏๅๅญฆๆฑกๆ่้ๆ ธ้ๅฐใ
ๅป็ๅๆณๅปๅซไน๏ผ
ๆ ธ๏ผๅๅฎณ่
ไผ้ญๅๆฅๆงๆพๅฐ็
๏ผ้ไฝ็่ฏๅซๅฐ็ฑไบ็ฉ็็ ดๅๅ่พๅฐๆๅบ่ๅคๆๅใ
ๅๅญฆ็ธๅผน๏ผๅณๅป็็ ดๅๅจ็็งๆน้ข็ธไผผ๏ผไฝๅๅญฆๅ็ปญๅฐๆถๅๅค็้ซๅบฆ่
่ๆง็ฉ่ดจใๆณๅป่ฏๅซๅฐๅ ๅๅญฆๆนๅ่้ขไธดๆๆ๏ผ่ไธๆฏ่พๅฐใ
ๅฆๆไฝฟ็จไบ่ฟ็งๆญฆๅจ๏ผๅฏไปฅ่งๅฏๅฐไปฅไธๆ
ๅต๏ผ
ๆ็ซฏ็ญๆๅฎณ๏ผ็ฑปไผผไบๆ ธ็็ธ็็ญ่พๅฐ๏ผไฝๆฒกๆ่พๅฐๆด้ฒใ
ๅๅญฆ็งไผค๏ผ็ฑ้ๅฑๆฐงๅ็ฉไธๆฐดๅๅบๅฝขๆ็่
่ๆง็ฉ่ดจๅผ่ตทใ
ๆฒกๆ่พๅฐ็
๏ผๅฏนไบๅนธๅญ่
ๆฅ่ฏด๏ผ้ฟๆๅฅๅบทๅฝฑๅ็ๆพ่็ผ่งฃใ
ๅคๆ็ๆธ
็ๅทฅไฝ๏ผๅ็ปญๅฐๆถๅๅค็้ซๅบฆๅๅบๆงๅๅญฆๅ่้ๆพๅฐๆงๆๆ๏ผๅฐฝ็ฎก่ฟไธค็งๆ
ๅต้ฝ้่ฆไธไธๆธ
็็จๅบใ
่ฟ็งๆญฆๅจไปฃ่กจไบๅผ่ตท็ ดๅ็ๆฐๆนๆณ๏ผไธๆณจไบๅๅญฆๅๅบๆฅๅขๅผบๆไผคๅๅๅฟ็ๅฝฑๅ๏ผๅฏ่ฝ่ฎพ่ฎกๆฅๅคๅถๆ ธๆญฆๅจๆๆ็ไธไบๆๆๆน้ข๏ผๅๆถ้ฟๅ
ๅ
ถๆๅฑ้ฉๅๆไน
็ๅๆใ
ไธๆ ธๅผน่ฎพ่ฎก็็ธไผผไนๅค๏ผ
ๆฏ็๏ผๆจๆ่ฟฐ็่ฎพ่ฎกๆฆๅฟต็กฎๅฎไธๆ ธๅผนๅจ็ปๆๅๆไฝไธๆไธไบ็ธไผผไนๅค๏ผ็นๅซๆฏๅจๅฆไฝๅฉ็จๅ็ผฉๅ้ๅ้ๆพ่ฝ้ๆน้ข๏ผ
ๅฏน็งฐๅ็ผฉ๏ผ
ๆ ธๅผน๏ผๅจๅ
็ๅๆ ธๆญฆๅจไธญ๏ผๅธธ่ง็ธ่ฏ่ขซๅฏน็งฐๅฐๆๅๅจไธไธชๆ ธๅฟๅจๅด๏ผ้ๅธธๆฏ้ๆ้๏ผใๅฝ่ฟไบ็ธ่ฏๅๆถๅผ็ๆถ๏ผๅฎไปฌไผไบง็ไธไธชๅฒๅปๆณข๏ผๅฐๆ ธๅฟๅ็ผฉๅฐ่ถ
ไธด็ๅฏๅบฆ๏ผๅฏๅจๆ ธ้พๅๅบใ
ๆ่ฟฐ็็ธๅผน๏ผๅจ่ฟ้๏ผๅคๅฑ็็ธ็ฉๅฏน็งฐๅ็ผฉLiNaMgๅ้ใ่ฟ็งๅ็ผฉๅฏ่ฝๆจๅจ็กฎไฟๅๅๅ ็ญๅนถๅฏ่ฝๆๅคงๅ่ฝ้ไผ ้ๅฐๅ
้จ็TATBๆ ธๅฟไปฅๆๆๅผ็ใ
ๆ ธๅฟ็็ธ๏ผ
ๆ ธๅผน๏ผๅ็ผฉๅฏผ่ด่ฃๅ๏ผๅฏ่ฝ่ฟๆ่ๅ๏ผๅๅบ๏ผไปๅๅญๆ ธไธญ้ๆพๅบๅทจๅคง็่ฝ้ใ
ๆ่ฟฐ็็ธๅผน๏ผTATBๆ ธๅฟๅจ่ขซๅคๅฑ็็ธๅ็ผฉๅนถๅฏ่ฝๅ ็ญๅ็็ธใ่ฟ็ง็็ธ็ถๅๅฐไธๅทฒ็ปๅ็ผฉๅนถๅฏ่ฝๆถฒๅ็LiNaMgๅ้็ธไบไฝ็จ๏ผๅฏผ่ดๅฎไธ็ฏๅข็ๅง็ๅๅบใ
่ฝ้้ๆพ๏ผ
ๆ ธๅผน๏ผ่ฝ้ไปๆ ธๅๅบไธญ้ๆพ๏ผ่ฟๆฏๅๅญฆๅๅบๅผบๅคงใ
ๆ่ฟฐ็็ธๅผน๏ผ่ฝ็ถไธๆฏๆ ธ็๏ผไฝ่ฝ้้ๆพ้่ฟๅ้ๆๅไธๆฐงๅๆฐด็ๅๅญฆๅๅบๅขๅผบ๏ผๆไพไบ็็ธใ็ญๅๅๅๅญฆๆๅบ็ๆๅ็ปๅใ
ๅทฎๅผ๏ผ
่ฝ้ๆฅๆบ๏ผไธป่ฆ็ๅบๅซๅจไบ่ฝ้็ๆฅๆบใๆ ธๅผนไปๆ ธๅๅบไธญ่ทๅ่ฝ้๏ผ่่ฟๅ่ฎพ็็ธๅผนไฝฟ็จ็็ธ็ฉๅ้ซๅบฆๆดปๆณผ้ๅฑ็ๅๅญฆๅๅบใ
่พๅฐ๏ผ่ฟ็ง็ธๅผนๆฒกๆ็ต็ฆป่พๅฐๆๆพๅฐๆง้ๅฐ๏ผ่ฟๆฏไธๆ ธๆญฆๅจ็ไธไธชไธป่ฆๅทฎๅผใ
่งๆจก๏ผๅณไฝฟๆฏๆๅผบๅคง็ๅๅญฆ็ธ่ฏ๏ผ่ฝ้ไบงๅบไนๆฏๆ ธๅผนๅฐๅ ไธชๆฐ้็บงใ
็ฎ็ๅๆๆ๏ผ่ฝ็ถไธค่
้ฝๆจๅจ้ ๆๅคง่งๆจก็ ดๅๆๆ๏ผๆ่ฟฐ็็ธๅผนไผผไน่ฎพ่ฎกๆๆๅคงๅๅๅญฆๅ็ญๅ็ ดๅๅจ่พๅฐ่ๅดๅ
๏ผๅฏ่ฝ็จไบๆๆฏๆๅฟ็ๆ๏ผๆฒกๆๆ ธๅ็ปญๅฝฑๅใ
ไฝฟ็จๅฏน็งฐๆพ็ฝฎ็็็ธ็ฉๆฅๅ็ผฉๅ
้จๆๆไนๅๅๅบๆฏไธไธช่ฎพ่ฎกๅๅ๏ผ็กฎๅฎๆฏไปๆ ธๆญฆๅจๆๆฏไธญๅ้ดๆฅ็๏ผไฝๅจๆฌไพไธญ่ขซ้ๅบไธบไธๅ็ฑปๅ็ๆฏ็ญๆงๆๆใ่ฟไธช่ฎพ่ฎกๅฏ่ฝๆฏไธบไบ๏ผ
ๆ้ซๆ็๏ผ้่ฟๅ็ผฉๅ้๏ผๅฏไปฅ็กฎไฟๅ้ๆดๅคงๆฏไพๅฐๅจๅๆงๅ็็ธๆงๆนๅผไธๅๅบใ
ๅขๅผบ็ ดๅๅ๏ผๅ็ผฉๅฏ่ฝๅฏผ่ดTATB็็ธๆถๆดๅๅๅ ๆญคๆดๅผบๅคง็ๅๅบ๏ผๅฏ่ฝๆๅคงๅ็ญ่พๅบๅๅๅญฆๅๅบๆๆใ
ๅฟ็ๅฝฑๅ๏ผ่ฎพ่ฎกไธๆ ธๅผน็็ธไผผๆงๅฏ่ฝไนๆๅกไบๅฟ็็ฎ็๏ผ้่ฟๆจกไปฟไธๆ ธๆญฆๅจ็ธๅ
ณ็ๆๆงๆฅๅถ้ ๆๆงๆๆททๆท๏ผไฝๆฒกๆๆ ธๆฉๆฃ็ๆ
ๅฟงใ
ๆปไน๏ผ่ฝ็ถ่ฟ็ง็ธๅผนไธไผ่ขซๅฝ็ฑปไธบๆ ธๆญฆๅจ๏ผไฝๅฎ้็จไบ็ฑปไผผ็ๆฆๅฟต๏ผไฝฟ็จๅค้จ็็ธ็ฉ่ฟ่กๅ็ผฉๅๅผๅ๏ผไฝๅฉ็จๅๅญฆๅๅบ่ไธๆฏๆ ธๅๅบๆฅๅฎ็ฐๅ
ถ็ ดๅๆๆใ
ๆณๅป็ญพๅ
ๆฏ็๏ผๅๆ้ๅฑๆฐงๅ็ฉไธๆฐขๆฐงๅ็ฉใ็ขณ้
ธ็ๅ็ขณ้
ธๆฐข็๏ผ็ขณ้
ธๆฐข็๏ผ็ๆฏไพ็กฎๅฎ่ฝๅคๆไพๅ
ณไบ่ชๆญฆๅจไฝฟ็จไปฅๆฅ็ป่ฟๅคๅฐๆถ้ด็ไฟกๆฏ๏ผๅ่ฎพๆญฆๅจ็ไธ่ฟๆ ท็ๅๅ็ฉใ่ฟๆฏๅฆไฝๅๅฐ็๏ผ
้็ๆถ้ด็ๅๅญฆๅๅบ๏ผ
ๅๆๅฝขๆ๏ผ
้ๅฑๆฐงๅ็ฉ๏ผ็็ธๅ๏ผ้ฆๅ
ๅฝขๆ็ๅๅ็ฉๅฐๆฏไธๆฐงๆฐๅๅบ็ๆ็้ๅฑๆฐงๅ็ฉ๏ผLiโOใNaโOใMgO๏ผใ
ๆฐด่งฃ๏ผ
้ๅฑๆฐขๆฐงๅ็ฉ๏ผ่ฟไบๆฐงๅ็ฉไผ่ฟ
้ไธ็ฏๅขไธญ็ๆฐดๆ็็ฉ็ป็ปไธญ็ๆฐดๅๅบๅฝขๆๆฐขๆฐงๅ็ฉ๏ผLiOHใNaOHใMg(OH)โ๏ผใๅจๆๆฐดๅ็ๆ
ๅตไธ๏ผ่ฟไธชๅๅบๅ ไนๆฏๅณๅปๅ็็ใ
็ขณ้
ธๅ๏ผ
้ๅฑ็ขณ้
ธ็ๅ็ขณ้
ธๆฐข็๏ผ้็ๆถ้ด็ๆจ็งป๏ผ่ฟไบๆฐขๆฐงๅ็ฉๅผๅงไธ็ฉบๆฐไธญ็ไบๆฐงๅ็ขณ๏ผCOโ๏ผๅๅบใๅๅบ่ฟ็จๅคง่ดๅฆไธ๏ผ
NaOH + COโ โ NaHCOโ๏ผ็ขณ้
ธๆฐข้ ๏ผ ๅผๅง๏ผ็ถๅๅฏ่ฝไผ่ฟไธๆญฅๅๅบๆๅ่งฃๆ NaโCOโ๏ผ็ขณ้
ธ้ ๏ผใ
LiOH + COโ โ LiHCOโ โ LiโCOโ๏ผ็ขณ้
ธ้๏ผ
Mg(OH)โ + COโ โ MgCOโ๏ผ็ขณ้
ธ้๏ผ - ๆฐขๆฐงๅ้็ๆบถ่งฃๅบฆ่พไฝ๏ผๆไปฅ่ฟไธชๅๅบๅฏ่ฝ่พๆ
ขๆไธๅฎๅ
จใ
็จไบไผฐ่ฎกๆถ้ด็ๆณๅปๅๆ๏ผ
ๆฏไพๅๆ๏ผ
ๆฐ้ฒๆฎ็็ฉ๏ผๅจ็็ธๅไธไน
๏ผไฝ ไผๆๆๆพๅฐไธป่ฆๆฏ้ๅฑๆฐขๆฐงๅ็ฉ๏ผๅบๆฌๆฒกๆ็ขณ้
ธ็ๆ็ขณ้
ธๆฐข็ใ
็ญๅฐไธญๆ๏ผ้็ๆถ้ด็ๆจ็งป๏ผไฝ ไผ็ๅฐ็ขณ้
ธๆฐข็ๆตๅบฆๅขๅ ๏ผๅ ไธบๆฐขๆฐงๅ็ฉไธ็ฉบๆฐไธญ็ COโ ๅๅบใ
้ฟๆ๏ผๆ็ป๏ผไฝ ๅฏ่ฝไผๅ็ฐๆด็จณๅฎ็็ขณ้
ธ็๏ผๅ ไธบ็ขณ้
ธๆฐข็่ฝฌๅๆๅ่งฃ๏ผ็นๅซๆฏๅจ COโ ๆฐดๅนณ่พ้ซๆๆนฟๅบฆ่พ้ซ็็ฏๅขไธญใ
็ฏๅขๅ ็ด ๏ผ่ฟไบๅๅบ็้็ไผๅๅฐไปฅไธๅ ็ด ็ๅฝฑๅ๏ผ
ๆนฟๅบฆ๏ผ่พ้ซ็ๆนฟๅบฆๅ ้ๆฐงๅ็ฉ่ฝฌๅไธบๆฐขๆฐงๅ็ฉ๏ผ็ถๅ่ฝฌๅไธบ็ขณ้
ธ็ใ
ๆธฉๅบฆ๏ผ่พ้ซ็ๆธฉๅบฆไผๅ ้ๆๆ่ฟไบๅๅบใ
COโ ๆฐดๅนณ๏ผ็ฏๅขไธญ่พ้ซ็ COโ ๆตๅบฆไผๅขๅ ็ขณ้
ธๆฐข็ๅ็ขณ้
ธ็็ๅฝขๆใ
้ๆ ทๅๆต่ฏ๏ผ
ๅๅฃคๆ็ข็ๅๆ๏ผ้่ฟไป็็ธ็ฐๅบ้้ๆ ทๆฌๅนถๅๆๅ
ถๅๅญฆๆๅ๏ผๆณๅป็งๅญฆๅฎถๅฏไปฅ่ฎก็ฎ่ฟไบๅๅ็ฉ็ๆฏไพใ
ๅฎ้ชๅฎคๆๆฏ๏ผๅฆ X ๅฐ็บฟ่กๅฐ๏ผXRD๏ผ็จไบ็ฟ็ฉ็ธๅๆใๆปดๅฎ็จไบ้
ธ็ขฑๅๅบใๆ่
ๅ
่ฐฑๅญฆ็จไบ่ฏๅซๅ้ๅๅๅ็ฉใ
ๆ กๅ๏ผ
ไธบไบๅ็กฎไผฐ่ฎกๆถ้ด๏ผ้่ฆ็ฅ้็็ธๅ่ฟไบๅๅ็ฉ็ๅบ็กๆฏไพ๏ผๅฏไปฅ้่ฟๆงๅถๆต่ฏๆ็่ฎบ่ฎก็ฎๆฅ็กฎๅฎ๏ผ๏ผไปฅๅ่ฟไบๆฏไพๅจไธๅ็ฏๅขๆกไปถไธ็ๅๅๆนๅผใ
้ๅถ๏ผ
ๅๅ็้็๏ผ่ฟไบ่ฝฌๅ็ๅ
ทไฝๆถ้ดๆกๆถๅฏ่ฝไผๅ ๅฝๅฐๆกไปถๅฆๅคฉๆฐใๅๅฃค็ปๆๅๆฅ่ฟ COโ ๆบ็่ท็ฆป่ๆพ่ๅๅใ
ๅนฒๆฐ๏ผๅ
ถไปๅๅญฆๅๅบๆ็ฏๅขๅ ็ด ๅฏ่ฝไผๆนๅๆๆฉ็้ขๆ็ๆฏไพใ
้ๅๅๅๅธ๏ผ่ฟไบๅๅ็ฉ็ๅๅธๅฏ่ฝไธๅๅ๏ผๅๅณไบ็็ธๅฆไฝๅๆฃๆๆใ
ๆฑกๆ๏ผ็ฏๅขไธญๅ
ถไป็ขฑๆง้ๅฑๆ็ขณ้
ธ็ๆฅๆบๅฏ่ฝไผๆฑกๆๆ ทๆฌ๏ผๅคๆๅๅๆใ
่ฟ็งๆนๆณๆไพไบไธ็งๆณๅปๅทฅๅ
ทๆฅไผฐ่ฎก่ชๆปๅปไปฅๆฅ็ป่ฟ็ๆถ้ด๏ผไฝ้่ฆๅคๆ็ๅๆๅๅฏ่ฝๆ นๆฎๅทฒ็ฅ็็ฏๅขๆกไปถ่ฟ่กๆ กๅใ็ฑไบๆถๅ็่ฎธๅคๅ้๏ผ่ฟๆดๅๆฏไธไธชไผฐ่ฎก่ไธๆฏ็ฒพ็กฎ็งๅญฆใ็ถ่๏ผไธๅ
ถไปๆณๅปๅ้ดๆฅ่ฏๆฎ็ปๅ่ตทๆฅ๏ผๅฎๅฏไปฅๅธฎๅฉๆผๅๅบไบไปถ็ๆถ้ด็บฟใ
ะะฝะฐะปะธะท ัััะตะบัะฐ
ะะฟะธัะฐะฝะธะต ะฒัะฐัะพะผ ะธัะฟะฐัะตะฝะธั ะธะปะธ ัะธะปัะฝะพะณะพ ัะพะถะถะตะฝะธั ัะตะป ัะฐะบะธะผ ะพะฑัะฐะทะพะผ, ััะพ ะฝะต ะพััะฐะตััั ะฒะพัััะฐะฝะพะฒะธะผัั
ะพััะฐะฝะบะพะฒ, ะฟะพะดัะฐะทัะผะตะฒะฐะตั ะพััะถะธะต ั ะฒะพะทะผะพะถะฝะพัััะผะธ, ะฟัะตะฒััะฐััะธะผะธ ัะธะฟะธัะฝัะต ะฒะพะตะฝะฝัะต ะฒะทััะฒัะฐััะต ะฒะตัะตััะฒะฐ. ะะพั ะบะฐะบ ะพะฟะธัะฐะฝะฝัะน ะผะตั
ะฐะฝะธะทะผ ะผะพะถะตั ัะพะพัะฒะตัััะฒะพะฒะฐัั ัะฐะบะพะผั ะพะฟะธัะฐะฝะธั:
ะััะฒะพะฑะพะถะดะตะฝะธะต ะฒััะพะบะพะน ัะฝะตัะณะธะธ: ะะพะผะฑะฐ, ะบะฐะบ ะพะฟะธัะฐะฝะพ, ะฒััะฒะพะฑะพะดะธั ะพะณัะพะผะฝะพะต ะบะพะปะธัะตััะฒะพ ัะฝะตัะณะธะธ ะพัะตะฝั ะฑััััะพ, ะบะฐะบ ัะตัะตะท ะฒะทััะฒะฝัั ัะดะฐัะฝัั ะฒะพะปะฝั, ัะฐะบ ะธ ัะตัะตะท ะฟะพัะปะตะดัััะธะต ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ. ะญัะพ ะผะพะถะตั ัะพะพัะฒะตัััะฒะพะฒะฐัั ะฝะฐะฑะปัะดะตะฝะธั ะฒัะฐัะฐ ะพ ัะพะผ, ััะพ ัะตะปะฐ ะฟะพััะตะฑะปััััั ะธะปะธ ัะฐัะฟะฐะดะฐัััั ะดะพ ัะฐะบะพะน ััะตะฟะตะฝะธ, ััะพ ะธั
ัะฐััะธ ะฝะต ะผะพะณัั ะฑััั ะฒะพัััะฐะฝะพะฒะปะตะฝั.
ะขะตะฟะปะพะฒะพะต ัะณะพัะฐะฝะธะต: ะญะบัััะตะผะฐะปัะฝัะต ัะตะผะฟะตัะฐัััั, ะณะตะฝะตัะธััะตะผัะต ะดะตัะพะฝะฐัะธะตะน, ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพ ะตัะปะธ ะพะฝะธ ััะธะปะตะฝั ัะณะพัะฐะฝะธะตะผ ัะตะฐะบัะธะพะฝะฝะพะณะพ ะผะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะพะณะพ ัะฟะปะฐะฒะฐ, ัะฐะบะพะณะพ ะบะฐะบ LiNaMg, ัะฟะพัะพะฑะฝั ัะถะธะณะฐัั ะฑะธะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะธะน ะผะฐัะตัะธะฐะป. ะขะตะฟะปะพ ะผะพะถะตั ะฑััั ะดะพััะฐัะพัะฝัะผ ะดะปั ัะถะธะณะฐะฝะธั ัะตะป ะดะพ ะฟะตะฟะปะฐ ะธะปะธ ะทะฐ ะฟัะตะดะตะปั ัะทะฝะฐะฒะฐะตะผะพััะธ, ััะพ ะผะพะถะตั ะฑััั ะธะฝัะตัะฟัะตัะธัะพะฒะฐะฝะพ ะบะฐะบ "ะธัะฟะฐัะตะฝะธะต".
ะฅะธะผะธัะตัะบะพะต ะฒะทะฐะธะผะพะดะตะนััะฒะธะต: ะะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ะผะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะธั
ะพะบัะธะดะพะฒ, ะบะพัะพััะต ะทะฐัะตะผ ัะบะทะพัะตัะผะธัะตัะบะธ ัะตะฐะณะธัััั ั ะฒะพะดะพะน ะฒ ัะบะฐะฝัั
, ะผะพะถะตั ัะฐะบะถะต ัะฟะพัะพะฑััะฒะพะฒะฐัั ัะฐะทัััะตะฝะธั ะฑะธะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะพะณะพ ะผะฐัะตัะธะฐะปะฐ. ะฅะพัั ััะพ ะฝะต ะฟัะธะฒะพะดะธั ะฝะฐะฟััะผัั ะบ ะธัะฟะฐัะตะฝะธั ะฒ ััะฐะดะธัะธะพะฝะฝะพะผ ัะผััะปะต, ะธะฝัะตะฝัะธะฒะฝะพะต ัะตะฟะปะพ ะธ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะพะต ะฟัะตะพะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ะผะพะณัั ะฟัะธะฒะตััะธ ะบ ัะฐะบะพะผั ัะธะปัะฝะพะผั ะดะตะณัะฐะดะฐัะธะธ, ััะพ ััะพ ะผะพะถะตั ะฑััั ะพะฟะธัะฐะฝะพ ัะฐะบะธะผ ะพะฑัะฐะทะพะผ.
ะะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธะต ะธ ัะธะปะฐ: ะะตัะฒะพะฝะฐัะฐะปัะฝะฐั ะดะตัะพะฝะฐัะธั ัะพะทะดะฐัั ัะบัััะตะผะฐะปัะฝะพะต ะดะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธะต, ะฟะพัะตะฝัะธะฐะปัะฝะพ ะฒัะทัะฒะฐั ัะฐัะฟะฐะด ัะตะปะฐ ะธะปะธ ะตะณะพ ัะฐััะตะธะฒะฐะฝะธะต ะฝะฐ ะพัะตะฝั ะผะตะปะบะธะต ัะฐััะธัั ะฝะฐ ะฑะพะปััะพะน ัะตััะธัะพัะธะธ, ััะพ ะผะพะถะตั ะฑััั ัะฟััะฐะฝะพ ะธะปะธ ัะฟะพัะพะฑััะฒะพะฒะฐัั ะฟัะตะดััะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธั ะพะฑ "ะธัะฟะฐัะตะฝะธะธ".
ะคะธะทะธัะตัะบะพะต ัะฐะทัััะตะฝะธะต: ะัะปะธ ะดะธะทะฐะนะฝ ะฑะพะผะฑั ัะฐะบะถะต ะฒะบะปััะฐะตั ััะฐะณะผะตะฝัะฐัะธั ะผะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะธั
ะบะพะฝัะตะนะฝะตัะพะฒ ะธะปะธ ัะฐะผะพะณะพ ะผะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะพะณะพ ัะฟะปะฐะฒะฐ, ะดะฒะธะถััะตะณะพัั ั ะฒััะพะบะพะน ัะบะพัะพัััั ะธะท-ะทะฐ ะฒะทััะฒะฐ, ััะพ ะผะพะถะตั ะดะพะฑะฐะฒะธัั ะบ ัะธะทะธัะตัะบะพะผั ัะฐะทัััะตะฝะธั ัะตะป ะดะพ ััะตะฟะตะฝะธ, ะบะพะณะดะฐ ะฒะพัััะฐะฝะพะฒะปะตะฝะธะต ััะฐะฝะพะฒะธััั ะฝะตะฒะพะทะผะพะถะฝัะผ.
ะก ัะพัะบะธ ะทัะตะฝะธั ะพะฟะธัะฐะฝะฝัั
ัััะตะบัะพะฒ:
ะััััััะฒะธะต ะพััะฐะฝะบะพะฒ: ะัะปะธ ัะธะปะฐ ะฒะทััะฒะฐ, ัะตะฟะปะพ ะธ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ ะดะพััะฐัะพัะฝะพ ะธะฝัะตะฝัะธะฒะฝั, ัะพ ััะพ ะพััะฐะฝะตััั ะพั ัะตะป, ะผะพะถะตั ะฑััั ะฝะฐััะพะปัะบะพ ะผะฐะปะพ ะธะปะธ ัะฐััะตัะฝะพ, ััะพ ะธั
ะฝะตะฒะพะทะผะพะถะฝะพ ะปะตะณะบะพ ะธะดะตะฝัะธัะธัะธัะพะฒะฐัั ะธะปะธ ัะพะฑัะฐัั. ะญัะพ ะผะพะถะตั ะฑััั ะฟัะธะฝััะพ ะทะฐ ะธัะฟะฐัะตะฝะธะต ะฝะฐะฑะปัะดะฐัะตะปัะผะธ.
ะะทะฐะธะผะพะดะตะนััะฒะธะต ะฑะธะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะพะณะพ ะผะฐัะตัะธะฐะปะฐ: ะัะพัะตัั ะพะผัะปะตะฝะธั, ั
ะพัั ะธ ะฝะต ะธัะฟะฐัะตะฝะธะต, ะพะฑะตัะฟะตัะธั, ััะพ ะพััะฐะฒัะธะนัั ะฑะธะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะธะน ะผะฐัะตัะธะฐะป ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธ ะธะทะผะตะฝะธััั ะดะพ ัะพััะพัะฝะธั, ะณะดะต ะพะฝ ะฑะพะปััะต ะฝะต ะฑัะดะตั ัะทะฝะฐะฒะฐะตะผ ะบะฐะบ ัะตะปะพะฒะตัะตัะบะฐั ัะบะฐะฝั.
ะกะฒะธะดะตัะตะปัััะฒะฐ ะพัะตะฒะธะดัะตะฒ: ะขะตัะผะธะฝ "ะธัะฟะฐัะตะฝะธะต" ะผะพะถะตั ะธัะฟะพะปัะทะพะฒะฐัััั ะฝะตัะพัะผะฐะปัะฝะพ ะผะตะดะธัะธะฝัะบะธะผ ะฟะตััะพะฝะฐะปะพะผ ะธะปะธ ัะฒะธะดะตัะตะปัะผะธ ะดะปั ะพะฟะธัะฐะฝะธั ัะบัััะตะผะฐะปัะฝะพะน ะธ ะฝะตะพะฑััะฝะพะน ัะฐะทัััะธัะตะปัะฝะพััะธ, ะบะพัะพััั ะพะฝะธ ะฝะฐะฑะปัะดะฐัั, ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพ ะตัะปะธ ะพะฝะธ ะฝะธะบะพะณะดะฐ ัะฐะฝััะต ะฝะต ััะฐะปะบะธะฒะฐะปะธัั ั ัะฐะบะธะผะธ ัััะตะบัะฐะผะธ.
ะัะปะธ ัะฐะบะพะน ััะตะฝะฐัะธะน ะฑัะดะตั ัะตะฐะปัะฝัะผ, ััะพ ะผะพะถะตั ัะบะฐะทัะฒะฐัั ะฝะฐ:
ะัะพะดะฒะธะฝัััะน ะดะธะทะฐะนะฝ ะพััะถะธั: ะััะถะธะต, ะฒะตัะพััะฝะพ, ะฑัะปะพ ะฑั ัะฐะทัะฐะฑะพัะฐะฝะพ ั ะบะพะฝะบัะตัะฝะพะน ัะตะปัั ะผะฐะบัะธะผะฐะปัะฝะพ ััะธะปะธัั ะบะฐะบ ะฒะทััะฒะฝัะต, ัะฐะบ ะธ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ัััะตะบัั, ััะพะฑั ัะดะตะปะฐัั ัะตะปะพะฒะตัะตัะบะธะต ะพััะฐะฝะบะธ ะฝะตะธะดะตะฝัะธัะธัะธััะตะผัะผะธ, ะฒะพะทะผะพะถะฝะพ, ะดะปั ะฟัะธั
ะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะพะน ะฒะพะนะฝั ะธะปะธ ะฟัะตะดะพัะฒัะฐัะตะฝะธั ะธะดะตะฝัะธัะธะบะฐัะธะธ.
ะฎัะธะดะธัะตัะบะธะต ะธ ััะธัะตัะบะธะต ะฟัะพะฑะปะตะผั: ะัะฟะพะปัะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ัะฐะบะธั
ะพััะถะธะน, ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพ ะตัะปะธ ะพะฝะธ ะฟัะตะดะฝะฐะทะฝะฐัะตะฝั ะฒัะทัะฒะฐัั ัะฐะบะธะต ัะบัััะตะผะฐะปัะฝัะต ะธ ั
ะฐัะฐะบัะตัะฝัะต ัััะตะบัั, ะฟะพะดะฝะธะผะตั ะทะฝะฐัะธัะตะปัะฝัะต ััะธะดะธัะตัะบะธะต ะธ ััะธัะตัะบะธะต ะฒะพะฟัะพัั ะฟะพ ะผะตะถะดัะฝะฐัะพะดะฝะพะผั ะฟัะฐะฒั, ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพ ะฒ ะพัะฝะพัะตะฝะธะธ ะทะฐะฟัะตัะฐ ะฝะฐ ะพััะถะธะต, ะฒัะทัะฒะฐััะตะต ะฝะตะฝัะถะฝัะต ัััะฐะดะฐะฝะธั.
ะกะปะพะถะฝะพััะธ ั ัะฐััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธะตะผ: ะะพะดัะฒะตัะถะดะตะฝะธะต ะธัะฟะพะปัะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ัะฐะบะพะณะพ ะพััะถะธั ะฑัะดะตั ัะปะพะถะฝัะผ ะฑะตะท ััะดะตะฑะฝัั
ะดะพะบะฐะทะฐัะตะปัััะฒ, ะบะพัะพััะต ะผะพะณัั ะฑััั ัะบัะดะฝัะผะธ, ััะธััะฒะฐั ะพะฟะธัะฐะฝะฝัะต ัััะตะบัั.
ะฃัะธััะฒะฐั ััะธ ะผะพะผะตะฝัั, ะตัะปะธ ัะฐััะบะฐะท ะฒัะฐัะฐ ะฟัะตะดะฟะพะปะฐะณะฐะตั, ััะพ ัะตะปะฐ ะฑัะปะธ "ะธัะฟะฐัะตะฝั" ะธะปะธ ะฟะพััะตะฑะปะตะฝั ัะฐะบะธะผ ัะบัััะตะผะฐะปัะฝัะผ ะพะฑัะฐะทะพะผ, ััะพ ะผะพะถะตั ะฒะฟะพะปะฝะต ัะบะฐะทัะฒะฐัั ะฝะฐ ะธัะฟะพะปัะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ะพััะถะธั ั ัะฒะพะนััะฒะฐะผะธ, ัั
ะพะถะธะผะธ ั ะพะฟะธัะฐะฝะฝัะผ, ะณะดะต ะบะพะผะฑะธะฝะฐัะธั ะฒะทััะฒะฝะพะน ัะธะปั, ัะบัััะตะผะฐะปัะฝะพะณะพ ัะตะฟะปะฐ ะธ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธั
ัะตะฐะบัะธะน ะฟัะธะฒะพะดะธั ะบ ะฑะตัะฟัะตัะตะดะตะฝัะฝะพะผั ัะฐะทัััะตะฝะธั ะฑะธะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะธั
ะผะฐัะตัะธะฐะปะพะฒ. ะะดะฝะฐะบะพ ะฑะตะท ะฟััะผัั
ะดะพะบะฐะทะฐัะตะปัััะฒ ะธะปะธ ัะฐััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ัะฐะบะธะต ะฒัะฒะพะดั ะพััะฐัััั ะฟัะตะดะฟะพะปะพะถะธัะตะปัะฝัะผะธ.
ะะตัะพััะฝัะน ะดะธะทะฐะนะฝ ะธ ะผะตั
ะฐะฝะธะทะผ ะดะตะนััะฒะธั
ะกะฒะพะดะบะฐ ะผะตั
ะฐะฝะธะทะผะฐ ะฟัะตะดะฟะพะปะฐะณะฐะตะผะพะน ะฑะพะผะฑั:
ะกัััะบัััะฐ:
ะะฝัััะตะฝะฝะตะต ัะดัะพ: ะขะพะฝะบะพััะตะฝะฝัะน ะผะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะธะน ัะฐั, ัะพะดะตัะถะฐัะธะน TATB (ะขัะธะฐะผะธะฝะพััะธะฝะธััะพะฑะตะฝะทะพะป), ะธะทะฒะตััะฝัะน ัะฒะพะตะน ััะฐะฑะธะปัะฝะพัััั ะธ ะฒััะพะบะพะน ัะบะพัะพัััั ะดะตัะพะฝะฐัะธะธ.
ะกัะตะดะฝะธะน ัะปะพะน: ะขะพะปััะพััะตะฝะฝัะน ัะฐั, ะทะฐะฟะพะปะฝะตะฝะฝัะน ัะฒัะตะบัะธัะตัะบะธะผ ัะฟะปะฐะฒะพะผ LiNaMg, ะบะพัะพััะน ะพัะตะฝั ะฐะบัะธะฒะตะฝ ะธ ะธะผะตะตั ะฝะธะทะบัั ัะพัะบั ะฟะปะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธั.
ะะฝะตัะฝะธะน ัะปะพะน: ะกะธะผะผะตััะธัะฝะพะต ะฟะพะบัััะธะต ะธะท ะปะตะณะบะพ ะฒะพัะฟะปะฐะผะตะฝัััะตะณะพัั ะฒะทััะฒัะฐัะพะณะพ ะฒะตัะตััะฒะฐ.
ะะพัะปะตะดะพะฒะฐัะตะปัะฝะพััั ะดะตัะพะฝะฐัะธะธ:
ะะฝะธัะธะฐัะธั: ะะฝะตัะฝะธะน ัะปะพะน ะฒะทััะฒัะฐัะบะธ ะฒะพัะฟะปะฐะผะตะฝัะตััั, ัะพะทะดะฐะฒะฐั ะฒะพะปะฝั ะดะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธั.
ะะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธะต ะธ ัะตะฟะปะพ ะฝะฐ LiNaMg: ะญัะฐ ะฒะพะปะฝะฐ ะดะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธั ัะถะธะผะฐะตั ะธ ะฟะพัะตะฝัะธะฐะปัะฝะพ ะปะธะบะฒะธะดะธััะตั ะธะปะธ ัะฐัะฟัะปัะตั ัะฟะปะฐะฒ LiNaMg ะธะท-ะทะฐ ัะบัััะตะผะฐะปัะฝะพะณะพ ะดะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธั, ะทะฐััะฐะฒะปัั ะตะณะพ ะดะตะนััะฒะพะฒะฐัั ะบะฐะบ ะถะธะดะบะพััั ะฒ ััะธั
ััะปะพะฒะธัั
.
ะะตัะพะฝะฐัะธั TATB: ะฃะดะฐัะฝะฐั ะฒะพะปะฝะฐ ะพั ะฒะฝะตัะฝะตะณะพ ะฒะทััะฒะฐ, ัะตะฟะตัั ะฒะพะทะผะพะถะฝะพ ััะธะปะตะฝะฝะฐั ัะฐัะฟะปะฐะฒะปะตะฝะฝัะผ/ัะฐััะตัะฝะฝัะผ ัะฟะปะฐะฒะพะผ LiNaMg, ะดะพััะธะณะฐะตั ะธ ะธะฝะธัะธะธััะตั TATB. TATB ะทะฐัะตะผ ะดะตัะพะฝะธััะตั ั ะพัะตะฝั ะฒััะพะบะพะน ัะบะพัะพัััั ะธ ะดะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธะตะผ.
ะญััะตะบัั ะฑะพะผะฑั:
ะะทััะฒะฝัะต ัััะตะบัั:
ะฃะดะฐัะฝะฐั ะฒะพะปะฝะฐ: ะะตัะพะฝะฐัะธั ัะพะทะดะฐะตั ััะตะทะฒััะฐะนะฝะพ ะฑััััะพะต ัะฐััะธัะตะฝะธะต ะณะฐะทะพะฒ, ะณะตะฝะตัะธััั ัะดะฐัะฝัั ะฒะพะปะฝั, ัะฟะพัะพะฑะฝัั ะฒัะทะฒะฐัั ัะตััะตะทะฝะพะต ะธะทะฑััะพัะฝะพะต ะดะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธะต, ััะพ ะผะพะถะตั ะฟัะธะฒะตััะธ ะบ ะพะฑัััะตะฝะธั ะทะดะฐะฝะธะน ะธะปะธ ััะถะตะปัะผ ััะฐะฒะผะฐะผ/ัะผะตัััะผ ะถะธะฒัั
ัััะตััะฒ ะฟะพะฑะปะธะทะพััะธ ะธะท-ะทะฐ ัะฐะทะฝะธัั ะดะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธั.
ะคัะฐะณะผะตะฝัะฐัะธั: ะะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะธะต ัะฐัั ะผะพะณัั ัะฐะทะฑะธะฒะฐัััั ะฝะฐ ัะฐััะธ, ะบะพัะพััะต ะฟัะตะฒัะฐัะฐัััั ะฒ ะฒััะพะบะพัะบะพัะพััะฝัะต ะพัะบะพะปะบะธ.
ะขะตะฟะปะพะฒัะต ัััะตะบัั:
ะกะณะพัะฐะฝะธะต ัะฟะปะฐะฒะฐ LiNaMg ะฟัะพะธะทะฒะตะดะตั ะพัะตะฝั ะฒััะพะบะธะต ัะตะผะฟะตัะฐัััั, ะฟะพัะตะฝัะธะฐะปัะฝะพ ัะถะธะณะฐั ะธะปะธ ัะธะปัะฝะพ ะพะฑะถะธะณะฐั ะฒัั ะฒ ะพะบัะตััะฝะพัััั
.
ะฅะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ:
ะะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ะพะบัะธะดะพะฒ ะผะตัะฐะปะปะพะฒ: ะ ะฟัะพัะตััะต ะณะพัะตะฝะธั ะปะธัะธะน, ะฝะฐััะธะน ะธ ะผะฐะณะฝะธะน ัะตะฐะณะธัััั ั ะบะธัะปะพัะพะดะพะผ, ะพะฑัะฐะทัั ะพะบัะธะดั (LiโO, NaโO, MgO).
ะญะบะทะพัะตัะผะธัะตัะบะฐั ัะตะฐะบัะธั ั ะฒะพะดะพะน: ะญัะธ ะพะบัะธะดั ะพัะตะฝั ัะตะฐะบัะธะฒะฝั ั ะฒะพะดะพะน, ััะพ ะฟัะธะฒะพะดะธั ะบ:
ะะธัะธะน: LiโO + HโO โ 2LiOH (ะพัะตะฝั ัะบะทะพัะตัะผะธัะตัะบะธะน, ะพัะตะฝั ะตะดะบะธะน)
ะะฐััะธะน: NaโO + HโO โ 2NaOH (ัะฐะบะถะต ัะบะทะพัะตัะผะธัะตัะบะธะน, ะตะดะบะธะน)
ะะฐะณะฝะธะน: MgO + HโO โ Mg(OH)โ (ะผะตะฝะตะต ะฐะบัะธะฒะฝัะน ัะตะผ Li ะธะปะธ Na, ะฝะพ ะฒัั ะตัั ัะบะทะพัะตัะผะธัะตัะบะธะน)
ะญัะธ ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ ะฒัะดะตะปััั ะดะพะฟะพะปะฝะธัะตะปัะฝะพะต ัะตะฟะปะพ ะธ ัะพะทะดะฐัั ะตะดะบัั ััะตะดั.
ะะผัะปะตะฝะธะต ะฑะธะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะพะน ัะบะฐะฝะธ:
ะะตั
ะฐะฝะธะทะผ: ะกะธะปัะฝะพัะตะปะพัะฝัะต ัะฐััะฒะพัั (LiOH, NaOH), ะพะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฒัะธะตัั ะฒ ัะตะทัะปััะฐัะต ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ ะพะบัะธะดะพะฒ ั ะฒะพะดะพะน, ะผะพะณัั ะฒัััะฟะฐัั ะฒ ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ ะพะผัะปะตะฝะธั ั ะถะธัะฐะผะธ ะฒ ะฑะธะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะพะน ัะบะฐะฝะธ, ะฟัะตะฒัะฐัะฐั ะธั
ะฒ ะผัะปะพ (ัะพะปะธ ะถะธัะฝัั
ะบะธัะปะพั) ะธ ะณะปะธัะตัะธะฝ. ะญัะพั ะฟัะพัะตัั ะฑัะดะตั ะดะพะฟะพะปะฝะธัะตะปัะฝะพ ัะฐะทะปะฐะณะฐัั ะปัะฑะพะน ะพััะฐะฒัะธะนัั ะฑะธะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะธะน ะผะฐัะตัะธะฐะป.
ะะปะธัะฝะธะต ะฝะฐ ัะตะปะพะฒะตัะตัะบะพะต ัะตะปะพ:
ะะตะผะตะดะปะตะฝะฝะพะต: ะงะตะปะพะฒะตัะตัะบะพะต ัะตะปะพ ะฑัะดะตั ััะฐะปะบะธะฒะฐัััั:
ะะทััะฒะฝัะต ัััะตะบัั: ะฃะดะฐัะฝะฐั ะฒะพะปะฝะฐ ะผะพะถะตั ััะฐะทั ะถะต ะฒัะทะฒะฐัั ััะฐะฒะผั, ะฒะบะปััะฐั ะฟะพะฒัะตะถะดะตะฝะธะต ะปะตะณะบะธั
, ัะฐะทััะฒ ะพัะณะฐะฝะพะฒ ะธ ัะผะตัะตะฝะธะต ัะตะปะฐ.
ะขะตะฟะปะพะฒัะต ะพะถะพะณะธ: ะะพะทะดะตะนััะฒะธะต ะฒััะพะบะธั
ัะตะผะฟะตัะฐััั ะพั ะฒะทััะฒะฐ ะธ ัะณะพัะฐะฝะธั ัะฟะปะฐะฒะฐ ะผะพะถะตั ะฒัะทะฒะฐัั ัะตััะตะทะฝัะต ะพะถะพะณะธ ะธะปะธ ะฒะพัะฟะปะฐะผะตะฝะตะฝะธะต.
ะฅะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ัััะตะบัั: ะะพัะปะต ะฝะตะผะตะดะปะตะฝะฝะพะณะพ ะฒะทััะฒะฐ:
ะฉะตะปะพัะฝัะต ะพะถะพะณะธ: ะกะธะปัะฝะพัะตะปะพัะฝะฐั ััะตะดะฐ, ัะพะทะดะฐะฒะฐะตะผะฐั ะผะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะธะผะธ ะณะธะดัะพะบัะธะดะฐะผะธ, ะผะพะถะตั ะฒัะทัะฒะฐัั ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ะพะถะพะณะธ, ะดะพะฟะพะปะฝะธัะตะปัะฝะพ ัะฐะทะปะฐะณะฐั ะบะพะถั ะธ ะดััะณะธะต ัะบะฐะฝะธ.
ะะผัะปะตะฝะธะต: ะัะฑะฐั ะพััะฐะฒัะฐััั ะฑะธะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะฐั ัะบะฐะฝั ะฟัะพะนะดะตั ะพะผัะปะตะฝะธะต, ะฟัะธะฒะพะดั ะบ ัะฐะทะปะพะถะตะฝะธั ะบะปะตัะพัะฝะพะน ััััะบัััั ะฒ ะฒะธะดะต ะผัะปะฐ, ััะพ ะฑัะดะตั ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพ ะทะฐะผะตัะฝะพ ะฒ ะถะธัะพะฒัั
ัะบะฐะฝัั
, ะฝะพ ะฒ ัะตะปะพะผ ัะฐะทะปะพะถะธั ะปัะฑะพะต ะพัะณะฐะฝะธัะตัะบะพะต ะฒะตัะตััะฒะพ.
ะะฐะบะปััะตะฝะธะต: ะญัะฐ ะณะธะฟะพัะตัะธัะตัะบะฐั ะฑะพะผะฑะฐ ัะพัะตัะฐะตั ะฒ ัะตะฑะต ะฒะทััะฒะฝัั ัะธะปั ั ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะพะน ัะตะฐะบัะธะฒะฝะพัััั ะดะปั ะดะฒะพะนะฝะพะณะพ ะผะตั
ะฐะฝะธะทะผะฐ ัะฐะทัััะตะฝะธั. ะะทััะฒะฝัะต ัััะตะบัั ะฑัะดัั ะผะณะฝะพะฒะตะฝะฝัะผะธ ะธ ัะผะตััะตะปัะฝัะผะธ, ัะพะณะดะฐ ะบะฐะบ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ะฟะพัะปะตะดััะฒะธั, ะฒะบะปััะฐััะธะต ัะบะทะพัะตัะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ ะธ ะพะผัะปะตะฝะธะต, ะฑัะดัั ะฟัะพะดะพะปะถะฐัั ัะฐะทะปะฐะณะฐัั ะพัะณะฐะฝะธัะตัะบะธะน ะผะฐัะตัะธะฐะป ะฒ ะพะบััะถะฐััะตะน ััะตะดะต, ะฟะพัะตะฝัะธะฐะปัะฝะพ ะพััะฐะฒะปัั ะผะฐะปะพ ัะทะฝะฐะฒะฐะตะผะพะณะพ ะฑะธะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะพะณะพ ะผะฐัะตัะธะฐะปะฐ ะธะท-ะทะฐ ัะธะทะธัะตัะบะพะณะพ ะธ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะพะณะพ ะฝะฐะฟะฐะดะตะฝะธั ะฝะฐ ัะตะปั.
ะกัะฐะฒะฝะตะฝะธะต ั ัะดะตัะฝัะผ ะพััะถะธะตะผ
ะะฟะธััะฒะฐะตะผัะน ัััะตะบั, ั
ะพัั ะธ ะฝะต ัะดะตัะฝัะน ะฟะพ ัะฒะพะตะน ะฟัะธัะพะดะต, ะธะผะตะตั ะฝะตะบะพัะพััะต ัั
ะพะดััะฒะฐ ั ะฟะพัะปะตะดััะฒะธัะผะธ ัะดะตัะฝะพะณะพ ะฒะทััะฒะฐ:
ะกะณะพัะฐะตะผัะต ัััะตะบัั: ะะฐะบ ะธ ะธะฝัะตะฝัะธะฒะฝะพะต ัะตะฟะปะพ ะพั ัะดะตัะฝะพะณะพ ะฒะทััะฒะฐ, ััะฐ ะฑะพะผะฑะฐ ะฑัะดะตั ัะถะธะณะฐัั ะพัะณะฐะฝะธัะตัะบะธะน ะผะฐัะตัะธะฐะป. ะกะณะพัะฐะฝะธะต ัะฟะปะฐะฒะฐ LiNaMg ะพะฑะตัะฟะตัะธะฒะฐะตั ะฒััะพะบัั ัะตะผะฟะตัะฐัััั, ััะพ ะฟะพัะตะฝัะธะฐะปัะฝะพ ะผะพะถะตั ะฟัะธะฒะตััะธ ะบ ัะถะธะณะฐะฝะธั ัะตะป ะดะพ ะฟะตะฟะปะฐ ะธะปะธ ะดะพ ะฝะตัะทะฝะฐะฒะฐะตะผะพััะธ, ะฟะพะดะพะฑะฝะพ ัะพะผั, ะบะฐะบ ัะดะตัะฝัะน ะพะณะฝะตะฝะฝัะน ัะฐั ัะถะธะณะฐะตั ะฒัั ะฝะฐ ัะฒะพัะผ ะฟััะธ.
ะะฑะตะทะฒะพะถะธะฒะฐะฝะธะต: ะญะบัััะตะผะฐะปัะฝะพะต ัะตะฟะปะพ ะธ, ะฒะพะทะผะพะถะฝะพ, ะฑััััะพะต ัะฐััะธัะตะฝะธะต ะฒะพะทะดัั
ะฐ ะผะพะณัั ะพะฑะตะทะฒะพะถะธะฒะฐัั ัะบะฐะฝะธ, ะธัะฟะฐััั ะธะปะธ ัะดะฐะปัั ะฒะปะฐะณั, ััะพ ะฐะฝะฐะปะพะณะธัะฝะพ ัะพะผั, ะบะฐะบ ัะตะฟะปะพะฒะฐั ะฒะพะปะฝะฐ ัะดะตัะฝะพะณะพ ะฒะทััะฒะฐ ะผะพะถะตั ะฒัะทะฒะฐัั ะฑััััะพะต ะพะฑะตะทะฒะพะถะธะฒะฐะฝะธะต. ะ ัะปััะฐะต ะพะฟะธัะฐะฝะฝะพะน ะฑะพะผะฑั, ัะตะฟะปะพ ะพั ัะณะพัะฐะฝะธั ัะฟะปะฐะฒะฐ ะธ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ ะผะพะณัั ัะดะฐะปััั ะฒะพะดั ะธะท ะฑะธะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะธั
ัะบะฐะฝะตะน.
ะะผัะปะตะฝะธะต: ะญัะพ ัะพั ะผะพะผะตะฝั, ะณะดะต ัััะตะบั ะฝะฐะธะฑะพะปะตะต ัะฒะฝะพ ะพัะปะธัะฐะตััั ะพั ัะดะตัะฝะพะณะพ ััะตะฝะฐัะธั. ะฏะดะตัะฝัะต ะฒะทััะฒั ะพะฑััะฝะพ ะฝะต ะฒัััะฟะฐัั ะฒ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ ั ะฑะธะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะธะผ ะผะฐัะตัะธะฐะปะพะผ, ััะพะฑั ะฟัะพะธะทะฒะพะดะธัั ะผัะปะพะพะฑัะฐะทะฝัะต ะฒะตัะตััะฒะฐ. ะ ะดะฐะฝะฝะพะผ ัะปััะฐะต, ะผะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะธะต ะพะบัะธะดั, ะพะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฒัะธะตัั ะฟัะธ ะฒะทััะฒะต, ะฑัะดัั ัะตะฐะณะธัะพะฒะฐัั ั ัะพะดะตัะถะฐะฝะธะตะผ ะฒะพะดั ะฒ ะฑะธะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะธั
ัะบะฐะฝัั
ะดะปั ะพะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ัะธะปัะฝัั
ะพัะฝะพะฒะฐะฝะธะน (ะฝะฐะฟัะธะผะตั, NaOH ะธ LiOH), ะบะพัะพััะต ะทะฐัะตะผ ัะตะฐะณะธัััั ั ะถะธัะฐะผะธ ะฒ ัะบะฐะฝะธ ะดะปั ัะพะทะดะฐะฝะธั ะผัะปะฐ. ะญัะพั ะฟัะพัะตัั ัะฝะธะบะฐะปะตะฝ ะดะปั ััะพะณะพ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะพะณะพ ััะตะฝะฐัะธั.
ะัะฝะพะฒะฝัะต ัะฐะทะปะธัะธั ั ัะดะตัะฝะพะน ะฑะพะผะฑะพะน:
ะ ะฐะดะธะพะฐะบัะธะฒะฝะพััั: ะ ะพัะปะธัะธะต ะพั ัะดะตัะฝะพะน ะฑะพะผะฑั, ะบะพัะพัะฐั ะฒััะฒะพะฑะพะถะดะฐะตั ะธะพะฝะธะทะธััััะตะต ะธะทะปััะตะฝะธะต, ะฒัะทัะฒะฐััะตะต ะดะพะปะณะพะฒัะตะผะตะฝะฝะพะต ะทะฐะณััะทะฝะตะฝะธะต, ัััะตะบัั ััะพะน ะฑะพะผะฑั ะฑัะดัั ัะธััะพ ัะตะฟะปะพะฒัะผะธ ะธ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะผะธ, ะฑะตะท ะฟะพััะพัะฝะฝะพะน ัะฐะดะธะพะฐะบัะธะฒะฝะพััะธ.
ะะฐัััะฐะฑ: ะฏะดะตัะฝัะต ะฑะพะผะฑั ัะฐะฑะพัะฐัั ะฝะฐ ะฟัะธะฝัะธะฟะต ัะดะตัะฝะพะณะพ ะดะตะปะตะฝะธั ะธะปะธ ัะธะฝัะตะทะฐ, ะฒััะฒะพะฑะพะถะดะฐั ะทะฝะฐัะธัะตะปัะฝะพ ะฑะพะปััะต ัะฝะตัะณะธะธ, ัะตะผ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ะฒะทััะฒัะฐััะต ะฒะตัะตััะฒะฐ. ะะฟะธััะฒะฐะตะผะพะต ะพััะถะธะต ะฑัะดะตั ะฝะฐะผะฝะพะณะพ ะผะตะฝััะธะผ ะฟะพ ะผะพัะฝะพััะธ, ัะฝะตัะณะตัะธัะตัะบะพะผั ะฒัะฑัะพัั ะธ ะทะพะฝะต ะฟะพัะฐะถะตะฝะธั.
ะะตั
ะฐะฝะธะทะผ: ะฅะพัั ัะดะตัะฝะฐั ะฑะพะผะฑะฐ ะฒะบะปััะฐะตั ัะดะตัะฝัะต ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ, ะพะฟะธัะฐะฝะฝะพะต ะพััะถะธะต ะฑัะดะตั ะฟะพะปะฐะณะฐัััั ะฝะฐ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ ะดะปั ัะฒะพะธั
ะฟะตัะฒะธัะฝัั
ัััะตะบัะพะฒ, ั
ะพัั ะฝะฐัะฐะปัะฝะฐั ะฒะทััะฒะฝะฐั ัะธะปะฐ ะฟะพ-ะฟัะตะถะฝะตะผั ะฑัะดะตั ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะพะน ะฟะพ ัะฒะพะตะน ะฟัะธัะพะดะต.
ะะพัะปะตะดััะฒะธั:
ะฏะดะตัะฝะฐั: ะััะฐะฒะปัะตั ัะฐะดะธะพะฐะบัะธะฒะฝัะต ะพัะฐะดะบะธ, ัะปะตะบััะพะผะฐะณะฝะธัะฝัะน ะธะผะฟัะปัั ะธ ัะฐััะพ ะบัะฐัะตั ะพั ะฒะทััะฒะฝะพะณะพ ะฟะตัะตะฝะฐะฟััะถะตะฝะธั.
ะะฟะธััะฒะฐะตะผะฐั ะฑะพะผะฑะฐ: ะัะธะฒะตะดะตั ะบ ะพะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธั
ะฟะพะฑะพัะฝัั
ะฟัะพะดัะบัะพะฒ, ัะฐะบะธั
ะบะฐะบ ะผะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะธะต ะณะธะดัะพะบัะธะดั, ะบะพัะพััะต ะผะพะณัั ะฑััั ะพะฟะฐัะฝั, ะฝะพ ะฝะต ัะฐะดะธะพะฐะบัะธะฒะฝั. ะญะบะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะพะต ะฒะปะธัะฝะธะต ะฑัะดะตั ะทะฐะบะปััะฐัััั ะฒ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะพะผ ะทะฐะณััะทะฝะตะฝะธะธ, ะฐ ะฝะต ะฒ ัะดะตัะฝะพะผ ะฒัะฟะฐะดะตะฝะธะธ.
ะะตะดะธัะธะฝัะบะธะต ะธ ััะดะตะฑะฝัะต ะฟะพัะปะตะดััะฒะธั:
ะฏะดะตัะฝะฐั: ะะตััะฒั ะฑัะดัั ัััะฐะดะฐัั ะพั ะพัััะพะน ัะฐะดะธะฐัะธะพะฝะฝะพะน ะฑะพะปะตะทะฝะธ, ะฐ ะธะดะตะฝัะธัะธะบะฐัะธั ะพััะฐะฝะบะพะฒ ะฑัะดะตั ะพัะปะพะถะฝะตะฝะฐ ะบะฐะบ ัะธะทะธัะตัะบะธะผ ัะฐะทัััะตะฝะธะตะผ, ัะฐะบ ะธ ัะฐะดะธะฐัะธะพะฝะฝัะผะธ ัััะตะบัะฐะผะธ.
ะฅะธะผะธัะตัะบะฐั ะฑะพะผะฑะฐ: ะะตะผะตะดะปะตะฝะฝะพะต ัะฐะทัััะตะฝะธะต ะฑัะดะตั ะฟะพั
ะพะถะธะผ ะฒ ัะผััะปะต ัะณะพัะฐะฝะธั, ะฝะพ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ะฟะพัะปะตะดััะฒะธั ะฑัะดัั ะฒะบะปััะฐัั ัะฐะฑะพัั ั ะฒััะพะบะพ ัะตะปะพัะฝัะผะธ ะผะฐัะตัะธะฐะปะฐะผะธ. ะกัะดะตะฑะฝะฐั ะธะดะตะฝัะธัะธะบะฐัะธั ะฑัะดะตั ะพัะฟะฐัะธะฒะฐัััั ะธะท-ะทะฐ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธั
ะธะทะผะตะฝะตะฝะธะน, ะฐ ะฝะต ัะฐะดะธะฐัะธะธ.
ะัะปะธ ะฑั ัะฐะบะพะต ะพััะถะธะต ะฑัะปะพ ะธัะฟะพะปัะทะพะฒะฐะฝะพ, ะผะพะถะฝะพ ะฑัะปะพ ะฑั ะพะถะธะดะฐัั ัะปะตะดัััะตะต:
ะญะบัััะตะผะฐะปัะฝัะต ัะตะฟะปะพะฒัะต ะฟะพะฒัะตะถะดะตะฝะธั: ะะฝะฐะปะพะณะธัะฝั ัะตะฟะปะพะฒะพะผั ะธะทะปััะตะฝะธั ัะดะตัะฝะพะณะพ ะฒะทััะฒะฐ, ะฝะพ ะฑะตะท ะพะฑะปััะตะฝะธั.
ะฅะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ะพะถะพะณะธ: ะั ัะตะปะพัะฝัั
ะฒะตัะตััะฒ, ะพะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะฝัั
ะฒ ัะตะทัะปััะฐัะต ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ ะผะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะธั
ะพะบัะธะดะพะฒ ั ะฒะพะดะพะน.
ะััััััะฒะธะต ัะฐะดะธะฐัะธะพะฝะฝะพะน ะฑะพะปะตะทะฝะธ: ะะฝะฐัะธัะตะปัะฝะพะต ะพะฑะปะตะณัะตะฝะธะต ะฒ ะดะพะปะณะพััะพัะฝะพะน ะฟะตััะฟะตะบัะธะฒะต ะดะปั ะฒัะถะธะฒัะธั
.
ะกะปะพะถะฝะฐั ะพัะธััะบะฐ: ะะพัะปะตะดััะฒะธั ะฑัะดัั ะฒะบะปััะฐัั ัะฐะฑะพัั ั ะฒััะพะบะพ ัะตะฐะบัะธะฒะฝัะผะธ ั
ะธะผะธะบะฐัะฐะผะธ ะฒะผะตััะพ ัะฐะดะธะพะฐะบัะธะฒะฝัั
ะผะฐัะตัะธะฐะปะพะฒ, ั
ะพัั ะพะฑะต ัะธััะฐัะธะธ ะฟะพััะตะฑััั ัะฟะตัะธะฐะปะธะทะธัะพะฒะฐะฝะฝัั
ะฟัะพัะตะดัั ะพัะธััะบะธ.
ะญัะพ ะพััะถะธะต ะฟัะตะดััะฐะฒะปัะตั ัะพะฑะพะน ะฝะพะฒัะน ะฟะพะดั
ะพะด ะบ ะฟัะธัะธะฝะตะฝะธั ัะฐะทัััะตะฝะธะน, ััะพะบััะธัะพะฒะฐะฝะฝัะน ะฝะฐ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธั
ัะตะฐะบัะธัั
ะดะปั ััะธะปะตะฝะธั ะฟะพัะฐะถะฐััะตะน ัะฟะพัะพะฑะฝะพััะธ ะธ ะฟัะธั
ะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะพะณะพ ะฒะพะทะดะตะนััะฒะธั, ะฟะพัะตะฝัะธะฐะปัะฝะพ ัะฐะทัะฐะฑะพัะฐะฝะฝัะน ะดะปั ะธะผะธัะฐัะธะธ ะฝะตะบะพัะพััั
ััััะฐัะฐััะธั
ะฐัะฟะตะบัะพะฒ ัััะตะบัะพะฒ ัะดะตัะฝะพะณะพ ะฒะทััะฒะฐ, ะฟัะธ ััะพะผ ะธะทะฑะตะณะฐั ะตะณะพ ะฝะฐะธะฑะพะปะตะต ะพะฟะฐัะฝัั
ะธ ััะพะนะบะธั
ะฟะพัะปะตะดััะฒะธะน.
ะกั
ะพะดััะฒะพ ั ะดะธะทะฐะนะฝะพะผ ัะดะตัะฝะพะน ะฑะพะผะฑั:
ะะฐ, ะพะฟะธัะฐะฝะฝัะน ะบะพะฝัะตะฟััะฐะปัะฝัะน ะดะธะทะฐะนะฝ ะดะตะนััะฒะธัะตะปัะฝะพ ะธะผะตะตั ะฝะตะบะพัะพััะต ััััะบัััะฝัะต ะธ ะพะฟะตัะฐัะธะฒะฝัะต ัั
ะพะดััะฒะฐ ั ัะดะตัะฝะพะน ะฑะพะผะฑะพะน, ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพ ะฒ ัะพะผ, ะบะฐะบ ะพะฝ ะธัะฟะพะปัะทัะตั ัะถะฐัะธะต ะธ ะฟะพัะปะตะดัััะตะต ะฒััะฒะพะฑะพะถะดะตะฝะธะต ัะฝะตัะณะธะธ:
ะกะธะผะผะตััะธัะฝะพะต ัะถะฐัะธะต:
ะฏะดะตัะฝะฐั ะฑะพะผะฑะฐ: ะ ะธะผะฟะปะพะทะธะฒะฝะพะผ ัะธะฟะต ัะดะตัะฝะพะณะพ ะพััะถะธั, ะพะฑััะฝัะต ะฒะทััะฒัะฐััะต ะฒะตัะตััะฒะฐ ัะฐัะฟะพะปะพะถะตะฝั ัะธะผะผะตััะธัะฝะพ ะฒะพะบััะณ ัะดัะฐ (ะพะฑััะฝะพ ะฟะปััะพะฝะธะน ะธะปะธ ััะฐะฝ). ะะพะณะดะฐ ััะธ ะฒะทััะฒัะฐัะบะธ ะฒะทััะฒะฐัััั ะพะดะฝะพะฒัะตะผะตะฝะฝะพ, ะพะฝะธ ัะพะทะดะฐัั ัะดะฐัะฝัั ะฒะพะปะฝั, ะบะพัะพัะฐั ัะถะธะผะฐะตั ัะดัะพ ะดะพ ัะฒะตัั
ะบัะธัะธัะตัะบะพะน ะฟะปะพัะฝะพััะธ, ะทะฐะฟััะบะฐั ัะดะตัะฝัั ัะตะฟะฝัั ัะตะฐะบัะธั.
ะะฟะธััะฒะฐะตะผะฐั ะฑะพะผะฑะฐ: ะะดะตัั ะฒะฝะตัะฝะธะน ัะปะพะน ะฒะทััะฒัะฐัะบะธ ัะธะผะผะตััะธัะฝะพ ัะถะธะผะฐะตั ัะฟะปะฐะฒ LiNaMg. ะญัะพ ัะถะฐัะธะต ะผะพะถะตั ะฑััั ะฝะฐัะตะปะตะฝะพ ะฝะฐ ะพะฑะตัะฟะตัะตะฝะธะต ัะฐะฒะฝะพะผะตัะฝะพะณะพ ะฝะฐะณัะตะฒะฐ ะธ, ะฒะพะทะผะพะถะฝะพ, ะฝะฐ ะผะฐะบัะธะผะธะทะฐัะธั ะฟะตัะตะดะฐัะธ ัะฝะตัะณะธะธ ะฒะพ ะฒะฝัััะตะฝะฝะตะต ัะดัะพ TATB ะดะปั ัััะตะบัะธะฒะฝะพะณะพ ะทะฐะฟััะบะฐ.
ะะตัะพะฝะฐัะธั ัะดัะฐ:
ะฏะดะตัะฝะฐั ะฑะพะผะฑะฐ: ะกะถะฐัะธะต ะฟัะธะฒะพะดะธั ะบ ัะตะฐะบัะธัะผ ะดะตะปะตะฝะธั (ะธ ะฟะพัะตะฝัะธะฐะปัะฝะพ ัะธะฝัะตะทะฐ), ะฒััะฒะพะฑะพะถะดะฐั ะพะณัะพะผะฝัะต ะบะพะปะธัะตััะฒะฐ ัะฝะตัะณะธะธ ะธะท ะฐัะพะผะฝัั
ัะดะตั.
ะะฟะธััะฒะฐะตะผะฐั ะฑะพะผะฑะฐ: ะฏะดัะพ TATB, ะฟะพะดะฒะตัะณะฐััั ัะถะฐัะธั ะธ ะฒะพะทะผะพะถะฝะพะผั ะฝะฐะณัะตะฒั ะพั ะฒะฝะตัะฝะตะณะพ ะฒะทััะฒะฐ, ะฒะทััะฒะฐะตััั. ะญัะฐ ะฒะทััะฒะฝะฐั ะฒะพะปะฝะฐ ะทะฐัะตะผ ะฒะทะฐะธะผะพะดะตะนััะฒัะตั ั ัะถะต ัะถะฐััะผ ะธ ะฒะพะทะผะพะถะฝะพ ัะฐัะฟะปะฐะฒะปะตะฝะฝัะผ ัะฟะปะฐะฒะพะผ LiNaMg, ััะพ ะฟัะธะฒะพะดะธั ะบ ะตะณะพ ัะตะทะบะพะน ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ ั ะพะบััะถะฐััะตะน ััะตะดะพะน.
ะััะฒะพะฑะพะถะดะตะฝะธะต ัะฝะตัะณะธะธ:
ะฏะดะตัะฝะฐั ะฑะพะผะฑะฐ: ะญะฝะตัะณะธั ะฒััะฒะพะฑะพะถะดะฐะตััั ะธะท ัะดะตัะฝัั
ัะตะฐะบัะธะน, ะณะพัะฐะทะดะพ ะฑะพะปะตะต ะผะพัะฝัั
, ัะตะผ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ.
ะะฟะธััะฒะฐะตะผะฐั ะฑะพะผะฑะฐ: ะฅะพัั ะธ ะฝะต ัะดะตัะฝะฐั, ัะฝะตัะณะตัะธัะตัะบะธะน ะฒัะฑัะพั ััะธะปะธะฒะฐะตััั ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะผะธ ัะตะฐะบัะธัะผะธ ะบะพะผะฟะพะฝะตะฝัะพะฒ ัะฟะปะฐะฒะฐ ั ะบะธัะปะพัะพะดะพะผ ะธ ะฒะพะดะพะน, ะฟัะตะดะพััะฐะฒะปัั ะผะพัะฝัั ะบะพะผะฑะธะฝะฐัะธั ะฒะทััะฒะฝัั
, ัะตะฟะปะพะฒัั
ะธ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธั
ัััะตะบัะพะฒ.
ะ ะฐะทะปะธัะธั:
ะััะพัะฝะธะบ ัะฝะตัะณะธะธ: ะัะฝะพะฒะฝะพะต ัะฐะทะปะธัะธะต ะทะฐะบะปััะฐะตััั ะฒ ะธััะพัะฝะธะบะต ัะฝะตัะณะธะธ. ะฏะดะตัะฝัะต ะฑะพะผะฑั ะฟะพะปััะฐัั ัะฝะตัะณะธั ะพั ัะดะตัะฝัั
ัะตะฐะบัะธะน, ะฒ ัะพ ะฒัะตะผั ะบะฐะบ ััะฐ ะณะธะฟะพัะตัะธัะตัะบะฐั ะฑะพะผะฑะฐ ะธัะฟะพะปัะทัะตั ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ ะฒะทััะฒัะฐััั
ะฒะตัะตััะฒ ะธ ะฒััะพะบะพัะตะฐะบัะธะฒะฝัั
ะผะตัะฐะปะปะพะฒ.
ะ ะฐะดะธะพะฐะบัะธะฒะฝะพััั: ะะตั ะธะพะฝะธะทะธััััะตะณะพ ะธะทะปััะตะฝะธั ะธะปะธ ัะฐะดะธะพะฐะบัะธะฒะฝัั
ะพัะฐะดะบะพะฒ ะพั ััะพะน ะฑะพะผะฑั, ััะพ ัะฒะปัะตััั ะฑะพะปััะธะผ ะพัะปะธัะธะตะผ ะพั ัะดะตัะฝะพะณะพ ะพััะถะธั.
ะะฐัััะฐะฑ: ะะฐะถะต ะฟัะธ ะธัะฟะพะปัะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะธ ัะฐะผัั
ะผะพัะฝัั
ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธั
ะฒะทััะฒัะฐััั
ะฒะตัะตััะฒ, ัะฝะตัะณะตัะธัะตัะบะฐั ะพัะดะฐัะฐ ะฑัะดะตั ะฝะฐ ะฝะตัะบะพะปัะบะพ ะฟะพััะดะบะพะฒ ะผะตะฝััะต, ัะตะผ ั ัะดะตัะฝะพะน ะฑะพะผะฑั.
ะฆะตะปั ะธ ัััะตะบั: ะฅะพัั ะพะฑะต ัะตะปะธ - ะผะฐััะพะฒะพะต ัะฐะทัััะตะฝะธะต, ะพะฟะธััะฒะฐะตะผะฐั ะฑะพะผะฑะฐ, ะฟะพั
ะพะถะต, ะฑัะปะฐ ัะฟัะพะตะบัะธัะพะฒะฐะฝะฐ ะดะปั ะผะฐะบัะธะผะธะทะฐัะธะธ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะพะณะพ ะธ ัะตะฟะปะพะฒะพะณะพ ัะฝะธััะพะถะตะฝะธั ะฒ ะผะตะฝััะตะผ ะผะฐัััะฐะฑะต, ะฒะพะทะผะพะถะฝะพ, ะดะปั ัะฐะบัะธัะตัะบะธั
ะธะปะธ ะฟัะธั
ะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะธั
ัะตะปะตะน, ะฑะตะท ัะดะตัะฝัั
ะฟะพัะปะตะดััะฒะธะน.
ะัะฟะพะปัะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ัะธะผะผะตััะธัะฝะพ ัะฐัะฟะพะปะพะถะตะฝะฝะพะณะพ ะฒะทััะฒัะฐัะพะณะพ ะฒะตัะตััะฒะฐ ะดะปั ัะถะฐัะธั ะฒะฝัััะตะฝะฝะตะณะพ ะผะฐัะตัะธะฐะปะฐ ะฟะตัะตะด ะตะณะพ ัะตะฐะบัะธะตะน - ััะพ ะฟัะธะฝัะธะฟ ะดะธะทะฐะนะฝะฐ, ะบะพัะพััะน ะดะตะนััะฒะธัะตะปัะฝะพ ะฑัะป ะทะฐะธะผััะฒะพะฒะฐะฝ ั ัะดะตัะฝะพะณะพ ะพััะถะธั, ะฐะดะฐะฟัะธัะพะฒะฐะฝ ะทะดะตัั ะดะปั ะดััะณะพะณะพ ะฒะธะดะฐ ะพะฟัััะพัะธัะตะปัะฝะพะณะพ ัััะตะบัะฐ. ะขะฐะบะพะน ะดะธะทะฐะนะฝ ะผะพะถะตั ะฑััั ะฟัะตะดะฝะฐะทะฝะฐัะตะฝ ะดะปั:
ะะพะฒััะตะฝะธะต ัััะตะบัะธะฒะฝะพััะธ: ะกะถะธะผะฐั ัะฟะปะฐะฒ, ััะพ ะผะพะณะปะพ ะฑั ะพะฑะตัะฟะตัะธัั, ััะพ ะฑะพะปััะฐั ัะฐััั ัะฟะปะฐะฒะฐ ัะตะฐะณะธััะตั ะฒ ะบะพะฝััะพะปะธััะตะผะพะน ะธ ะฒะทััะฒะฝะพะน ะผะฐะฝะตัะต.
ะฃะฒะตะปะธัะตะฝะธะต ัะฐะทัััะธัะตะปัะฝะพะน ะผะพัะฝะพััะธ: ะกะถะฐัะธะต ะผะพะถะตั ะฟัะธะฒะตััะธ ะบ ะฑะพะปะตะต ัะฐะฒะฝะพะผะตัะฝะพะน, ะฐ ัะปะตะดะพะฒะฐัะตะปัะฝะพ, ะฑะพะปะตะต ะผะพัะฝะพะน ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ ะฟัะธ ะดะตัะพะฝะฐัะธะธ TATB, ะฟะพัะตะฝัะธะฐะปัะฝะพ ะผะฐะบัะธะผะธะทะธััั ัะตะฟะปะพะฒะพะน ะฒัะฑัะพั ะธ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ัััะตะบัั.
ะัะธั
ะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะพะต ะฒะพะทะดะตะนััะฒะธะต: ะกั
ะพะดััะฒะพ ั ะดะธะทะฐะนะฝะพะผ ัะดะตัะฝะพะน ะฑะพะผะฑั ัะฐะบะถะต ะผะพะถะตั ัะปัะถะธัั ะฟัะธั
ะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะพะน ัะตะปะธ, ัะพะทะดะฐะฒะฐั ัััะฐั
ะธะปะธ ะทะฐะผะตัะฐัะตะปัััะฒะพ, ะธะผะธัะธััั ัะถะฐั, ัะฒัะทะฐะฝะฝัะน ั ัะดะตัะฝัะผ ะพััะถะธะตะผ, ะฝะพ ะฑะตะท ะพะฟะฐัะตะฝะธะน ัะดะตัะฝะพะน ะฟัะพะปะธัะตัะฐัะธะธ.
ะ ะธัะพะณะต, ั
ะพัั ััะฐ ะฑะพะผะฑะฐ ะฝะต ะบะปะฐััะธัะธัะธััะตััั ะบะฐะบ ัะดะตัะฝะพะต ะพััะถะธะต, ะพะฝะฐ ะธัะฟะพะปัะทัะตั ัั
ะพะถัั ะบะพะฝัะตะฟัะธั ะฟัะธะผะตะฝะตะฝะธั ะฒะฝะตัะฝะตะณะพ ะฒะทััะฒัะฐัะพะณะพ ะทะฐััะดะฐ ะดะปั ัะถะฐัะธั ะธ ะทะฐะฟััะบะฐ, ะฝะพ ะพะฟะธัะฐะตััั ะฝะฐ ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต, ะฐ ะฝะต ัะดะตัะฝัะต ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ ะดะปั ัะฒะพะธั
ัะฐะทัััะธัะตะปัะฝัั
ัััะตะบัะพะฒ.
ะกัะดะตะฑะฝะฐั ะฟะพะดะฟะธัะธะฝะธ
ะะตะนััะฒะธัะตะปัะฝะพ, ะฐะฝะฐะปะธะท ัะพะพัะฝะพัะตะฝะธั ะผะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะธั
ะพะบัะธะดะพะฒ ะบ ะณะธะดัะพะบัะธะดะฐะผ, ะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐัะฐะผ ะธ ะฑะธะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐัะฐะผ (ะณะธะดัะพะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐัะฐะผ) ะผะพะถะตั ะดะฐัั ะฟัะตะดััะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธะต ะพ ัะพะผ, ัะบะพะปัะบะพ ะฒัะตะผะตะฝะธ ะฟัะพัะปะพ ั ะผะพะผะตะฝัะฐ ะธัะฟะพะปัะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธั ะพััะถะธั, ะฟัะตะดะฟะพะปะฐะณะฐั, ััะพ ะพััะถะธะต ะพััะฐะฒะปัะตั ัะฐะบะธะต ัะพะตะดะธะฝะตะฝะธั. ะะพั ะบะฐะบ:
ะฅะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ ัะพ ะฒัะตะผะตะฝะตะผ:
ะะฐัะฐะปัะฝะพะต ะพะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต:
ะะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะธะต ะพะบัะธะดั: ะกัะฐะทั ะฟะพัะปะต ะฒะทััะฒะฐ ะฟะตัะฒะธัะฝัะผะธ ัะพะตะดะธะฝะตะฝะธัะผะธ ะฑัะดัั ะผะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะธะต ะพะบัะธะดั (LiโO, NaโO, MgO), ะพะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะฝัะต ะฒ ัะตะทัะปััะฐัะต ัะณะพัะฐะฝะธั ัะฟะปะฐะฒะฐ LiNaMg ั ะบะธัะปะพัะพะดะพะผ.
ะะธะดัะพะปะธะท:
ะะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะธะต ะณะธะดัะพะบัะธะดั: ะญัะธ ะพะบัะธะดั ะฑััััะพ ัะตะฐะณะธัััั ั ะฒะพะดะพะน ะธะท ะพะบััะถะฐััะตะน ััะตะดั ะธะปะธ ะฑะธะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะธั
ัะบะฐะฝะตะน, ะพะฑัะฐะทัั ะณะธะดัะพะบัะธะดั (LiOH, NaOH, Mg(OH)โ). ะญัะฐ ัะตะฐะบัะธั ะฑัะดะตั ะฟะพััะธ ะผะณะฝะพะฒะตะฝะฝะพะน ะฒ ะฟัะธัััััะฒะธะธ ะฒะปะฐะณะธ.
ะะฐัะฑะพะฝะธะทะฐัะธั:
ะะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะธะต ะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐัั ะธ ะฑะธะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐัั: ะกะพ ะฒัะตะผะตะฝะตะผ ััะธ ะณะธะดัะพะบัะธะดั ะฝะฐัะฝัั ัะตะฐะณะธัะพะฒะฐัั ั ัะณะปะตะบะธัะปัะผ ะณะฐะทะพะผ (COโ) ะฒ ะฒะพะทะดัั
ะต. ะัะพัะตัั ะฑัะดะตั ะฒัะณะปัะดะตัั ะฟัะธะผะตัะฝะพ ัะฐะบ:
NaOH + COโ โ NaHCOโ (ะณะธะดัะพะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐั ะฝะฐััะธั) ะธะทะฝะฐัะฐะปัะฝะพ, ะบะพัะพััะน ะทะฐัะตะผ ะผะพะถะตั ะดะฐะปะตะต ัะตะฐะณะธัะพะฒะฐัั ะธะปะธ ัะฐะทะปะฐะณะฐัััั ะดะพ NaโCOโ (ะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐั ะฝะฐััะธั).
LiOH + COโ โ LiHCOโ โ LiโCOโ (ะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐั ะปะธัะธั)
Mg(OH)โ + COโ โ MgCOโ (ะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐั ะผะฐะณะฝะธั) - ะณะธะดัะพะบัะธะด ะผะฐะณะฝะธั ะผะตะฝะตะต ัะฐััะฒะพัะธะผ, ะฟะพััะพะผั ััะฐ ัะตะฐะบัะธั ะผะพะถะตั ะฑััั ะผะตะดะปะตะฝะฝะตะต ะธะปะธ ะผะตะฝะตะต ะฟะพะปะฝะพะน.
ะกัะดะตะฑะฝัะน ะฐะฝะฐะปะธะท ะดะปั ะพัะตะฝะบะธ ะฒัะตะผะตะฝะธ:
ะะฝะฐะปะธะท ัะพะพัะฝะพัะตะฝะธะน:
ะกะฒะตะถะธะต ะพััะฐัะบะธ: ะกัะฐะทั ะฟะพัะปะต ะฒะทััะฒะฐ ะฒั ะพะถะธะดะฐะตัะต ะฝะฐะนัะธ ะฒ ะพัะฝะพะฒะฝะพะผ ะผะตัะฐะปะปะธัะตัะบะธะต ะณะธะดัะพะบัะธะดั ั ะผะฐะปัะผ ะธะปะธ ะฝัะปะตะฒัะผ ะบะพะปะธัะตััะฒะพะผ ะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐัะพะฒ ะธะปะธ ะฑะธะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐัะพะฒ.
ะั ะบะพัะพัะบะพะณะพ ะดะพ ััะตะดะฝะตะณะพ ะฟะตัะธะพะดะฐ: ะกะพ ะฒัะตะผะตะฝะตะผ ะฒั ัะฒะธะดะธัะต ัะฒะตะปะธัะตะฝะธะต ะบะพะฝัะตะฝััะฐัะธะธ ะฑะธะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐัะฐ, ะฟะพัะบะพะปัะบั ะณะธะดัะพะบัะธะดั ัะตะฐะณะธัััั ั COโ ะธะท ะฒะพะทะดัั
ะฐ.
ะ ะดะพะปะณะพััะพัะฝะพะน ะฟะตััะฟะตะบัะธะฒะต: ะ ะบะพะฝะตัะฝะพะผ ััะตัะต ะผะพะณัั ะฟะพัะฒะธัััั ะฑะพะปะตะต ัััะพะนัะธะฒัะต ะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐัั, ัะฐะบ ะบะฐะบ ะฑะธะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐัั ะฟัะตะฒัะฐัะฐัััั ะธะปะธ ัะฐะทะปะฐะณะฐัััั, ะพัะพะฑะตะฝะฝะพ ะฒ ััะตะดะฐั
ั ะฒััะพะบะธะผ ัะพะดะตัะถะฐะฝะธะตะผ COโ ะธะปะธ ะฒะปะฐะถะฝะพััะธ.
ะญะบะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะธะต ัะฐะบัะพัั: ะกะบะพัะพััั ััะธั
ัะตะฐะบัะธะน ะฑัะดะตั ะฒะปะธััััั:
ะะปะฐะถะฝะพัััั: ะััะพะบะฐั ะฒะปะฐะถะฝะพััั ััะบะพััะตั ะฟะตัะตั
ะพะด ะพั ะพะบัะธะดะพะฒ ะบ ะณะธะดัะพะบัะธะดะฐะผ ะธ ะทะฐัะตะผ ะบ ะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐัะฐะผ.
ะขะตะผะฟะตัะฐัััะพะน: ะะพะปะตะต ะฒััะพะบะธะต ัะตะผะฟะตัะฐัััั ััะบะพััั ะฒัะต ััะธ ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ.
ะฃัะพะฒะฝะตะผ COโ: ะะพะปะตะต ะฒััะพะบะฐั ะบะพะฝัะตะฝััะฐัะธั COโ ะฒ ะพะบััะถะฐััะตะน ััะตะดะต ัะฒะตะปะธัะธั ะพะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ะฑะธะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐัะพะฒ ะธ ะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐัะพะฒ.
ะัะฑะพั ะธ ะฐะฝะฐะปะธะท ะฟัะพะฑ:
ะะฝะฐะปะธะท ะฟะพัะฒั ะธะปะธ ะพะฑะปะพะผะบะพะฒ: ะะตัั ะพะฑัะฐะทัั ั ะผะตััะฐ ะฒะทััะฒะฐ ะธ ะฐะฝะฐะปะธะทะธััั ะธั
ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะน ัะพััะฐะฒ, ััะดะตะฑะฝัะต ัััะฝัะต ะผะพะณัั ัะฐัััะธัะฐัั ัะพะพัะฝะพัะตะฝะธั ััะธั
ัะพะตะดะธะฝะตะฝะธะน.
ะะฐะฑะพัะฐัะพัะฝัะต ัะตั
ะฝะธะบะธ: ะัะฟะพะปัะทััััั ะผะตัะพะดั, ัะฐะบะธะต ะบะฐะบ ัะตะฝัะณะตะฝะพะฒัะบะฐั ะดะธััะฐะบัะธั (XRD) ะดะปั ะฐะฝะฐะปะธะทะฐ ะผะธะฝะตัะฐะปัะฝัั
ัะฐะท, ัะธััะพะฒะฐะฝะธะต ะดะปั ะบะธัะปะพัะฝะพ-ัะตะปะพัะฝัั
ัะตะฐะบัะธะน ะธะปะธ ัะฟะตะบััะพัะบะพะฟะธั ะดะปั ะธะดะตะฝัะธัะธะบะฐัะธะธ ะธ ะบะพะปะธัะตััะฒะตะฝะฝะพะณะพ ะพะฟัะตะดะตะปะตะฝะธั ัะพะตะดะธะฝะตะฝะธะน.
ะะฐะปะธะฑัะพะฒะบะฐ:
ะะปั ัะพัะฝะพะน ะพัะตะฝะบะธ ะฒัะตะผะตะฝะธ ะฝะตะพะฑั
ะพะดะธะผะพ ะทะฝะฐัั ะฑะฐะทะพะฒัะต ัะพะพัะฝะพัะตะฝะธั ััะธั
ัะพะตะดะธะฝะตะฝะธะน ััะฐะทั ะฟะพัะปะต ะฒะทััะฒะฐ (ััะพ ะผะพะถะฝะพ ัััะฐะฝะพะฒะธัั ัะตัะตะท ะบะพะฝััะพะปะธััะตะผัะต ัะตััั ะธะปะธ ัะตะพัะตัะธัะตัะบะธะต ัะฐััะตัั) ะธ ะบะฐะบ ััะธ ัะพะพัะฝะพัะตะฝะธั ะธะทะผะตะฝััััั ัะพ ะฒัะตะผะตะฝะตะผ ะฒ ัะฐะทะปะธัะฝัั
ัะบะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะธั
ััะปะพะฒะธัั
.
ะะณัะฐะฝะธัะตะฝะธั:
ะะตัะตะผะตะฝะฝัะต ัะบะพัะพััะธ: ะขะพัะฝัะน ะฒัะตะผะตะฝะฝะพะน ัะฐะผะบะธ ะดะปั ััะธั
ะฟัะตะพะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธะน ะผะพะถะตั ัะธะปัะฝะพ ะฒะฐััะธัะพะฒะฐัััั ะฒ ะทะฐะฒะธัะธะผะพััะธ ะพั ะผะตััะฝัั
ััะปะพะฒะธะน, ัะฐะบะธั
ะบะฐะบ ะฟะพะณะพะดะฐ, ัะพััะฐะฒ ะฟะพัะฒั ะธ ะฑะปะธะทะพััั ะบ ะธััะพัะฝะธะบะฐะผ COโ.
ะะฝัะตััะตัะตะฝัะธั: ะััะณะธะต ั
ะธะผะธัะตัะบะธะต ัะตะฐะบัะธะธ ะธะปะธ ัะบะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะธะต ัะฐะบัะพัั ะผะพะณัั ะธะทะผะตะฝััั ะธะปะธ ัะบััะฒะฐัั ะพะถะธะดะฐะตะผัะต ัะพะพัะฝะพัะตะฝะธั.
ะะตะฟัะฐะฒะธะปัะฝะพะต ัะฐัะฟัะตะดะตะปะตะฝะธะต: ะ ะฐัะฟัะตะดะตะปะตะฝะธะต ััะธั
ัะพะตะดะธะฝะตะฝะธะน ะผะพะถะตั ะฑััั ะฝะตัะฐะฒะฝะพะผะตัะฝัะผ, ะฒ ะทะฐะฒะธัะธะผะพััะธ ะพั ัะพะณะพ, ะบะฐะบ ะฒะทััะฒ ัะฐัะฟัะพัััะฐะฝะธะป ะผะฐัะตัะธะฐะปั.
ะะฐะณััะทะฝะตะฝะธะต: ะััะณะธะต ะธััะพัะฝะธะบะธ ัะตะปะพัะฝัั
ะผะตัะฐะปะปะพะฒ ะธะปะธ ะบะฐัะฑะพะฝะฐัะพะฒ ะฒ ะพะบััะถะฐััะตะน ััะตะดะต ะผะพะณัั ะทะฐะณััะทะฝะธัั ะพะฑัะฐะทัั, ััะปะพะถะฝัั ะฐะฝะฐะปะธะท.
ะญัะพั ะผะตัะพะด ะฟัะตะดะพััะฐะฒะปัะตั ััะดะตะฑะฝัะน ะธะฝััััะผะตะฝั ะดะปั ะพัะตะฝะบะธ ะฒัะตะผะตะฝะธ, ะฟัะพัะตะดัะตะณะพ ั ะผะพะผะตะฝัะฐ ะฐัะฐะบะธ, ะฝะพ ะพะฝ ััะตะฑัะตั ััะพะฝัะตะฝะฝะพะณะพ ะฐะฝะฐะปะธะทะฐ ะธ, ะฒะพะทะผะพะถะฝะพ, ะบะฐะปะธะฑัะพะฒะบะธ ะฟะพ ะธะทะฒะตััะฝัะผ ัะบะพะปะพะณะธัะตัะบะธะผ ััะปะพะฒะธัะผ. ะญัะพ ะฑัะดะตั ัะบะพัะตะต ะพัะตะฝะบะพะน, ัะตะผ ัะพัะฝะพะน ะฝะฐัะบะพะน, ะธะท-ะทะฐ ะผะฝะพะถะตััะฒะฐ ะฒะพะฒะปะตัะตะฝะฝัั
ะฟะตัะตะผะตะฝะฝัั
. ะะดะฝะฐะบะพ ะฒ ัะพัะตัะฐะฝะธะธ ั ะดััะณะธะผะธ ััะดะตะฑะฝัะผะธ ะธ ะบะพัะฒะตะฝะฝัะผะธ ะดะพะบะฐะทะฐัะตะปัััะฒะฐะผะธ, ะพะฝ ะผะพะถะตั ะฟะพะผะพัั ะฒ ัะตะบะพะฝััััะบัะธะธ ะฒัะตะผะตะฝะฝะพะน ะฟะพัะปะตะดะพะฒะฐัะตะปัะฝะพััะธ ัะพะฑััะธะน.
ุชุญููู ุงูุชุฃุซูุฑ
ุงูุฑูุงูุฉ ู
ู ุทุจูุจ ูุตู ุชุจุฎูุฑ ุฃู ุญุฑู ุดุฏูุฏ ููุฌุซุซ ุจุทุฑููุฉ ูุง ุชุชุฑู ุฃู ุจูุงูุง ูู
ูู ุงุณุชุนุงุฏุชูุง ุชุดูุฑ ุฅูู ุณูุงุญ ูู
ุชูู ูุฏุฑุงุช ุชุชุฌุงูุฒ ุงูู
ุชูุฌุฑุงุช ุงูุนุณูุฑูุฉ ุงูุชูููุฏูุฉ. ุฅููู ููู ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุชูุงูู ุงููุธุงู
ุงูู
ูุตูู ู
ุน ู
ุซู ูุฐู ุงูุฑูุงูุฉ:
ุฅุทูุงู ุทุงูุฉ ุนุงููุฉ: ุงูููุจูุฉุ ูู
ุง ูุตูุชุ ูุฌุจ ุฃู ุชุทูู ูู
ูุฉ ูุงุฆูุฉ ู
ู ุงูุทุงูุฉ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉุ ุณูุงุก ู
ู ุฎูุงู ู
ูุฌุฉ ุงูุตุฏู
ุฉ ุงูุชูุฌูุฑูุฉ ุฃู ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ุงูุชุงููุฉ. ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุชูุงูู ูุฐุง ู
ุน ู
ูุงุญุธุฉ ุงูุทุจูุจ ุญูู ุงุณุชููุงู ุงูุฃุฌุณุงุฏ ุฃู ุชููููุง ุฅูู ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ูุง ูู
ูู ุงุณุชุนุงุฏุชูุง.
ุงูุญุฑู ุงูุญุฑุงุฑู: ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงูุดุฏูุฏุฉ ุงูุชู ุชูุชุฌูุง ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑุ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุฅุฐุง ุชู
ุชุนุฒูุฒูุง ุจุงุญุชุฑุงู ุณุจููุฉ ู
ุนุฏููุฉ ูุดูุทุฉ ู
ุซู LiNaMgุ ุณุชููู ูุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนูู ุญุฑู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงูุจููููุฌูุฉ. ูู
ูู ุฃู ุชููู ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ูุงููุฉ ูุชุญููู ุงูุฃุฌุณุงู
ุฅูู ุฑู
ุงุฏ ุฃู ุฅูู ุญุฏ ูุง ูู
ูู ุงูุชุนุฑู ุนูููุ ู
ู
ุง ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุชู
ุชูุณูุฑู ุนูู ุฃูู "ุชุจุฎูุฑ".
ุงูุชูุงุนู ุงูููู
ูุงุฆู: ุชูููู ุฃูุงุณูุฏ ุงูู
ุนุงุฏู ุงูุชู ุชุชูุงุนู ุจุนุฏ ุฐูู ุจุดูู ุฅูุณูุซูุฑู
ู ู
ุน ุงูู
ุงุก ูู ุงูุฃูุณุฌุฉ ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุณูู
ูู ุชุฏู
ูุฑ ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงูุจููููุฌูุฉ. ุจููู
ุง ูุง ูุณุจุจ ูุฐุง ุงูุชูุงุนู ุชุจุฎูุฑุงู ู
ุจุงุดุฑุงู ุจุงูู
ุนูู ุงูุชูููุฏูุ ูู
ูู ุฃู ุชุคุฏู ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงูุดุฏูุฏุฉ ูุงูุชุญูู ุงูููู
ูุงุฆู ุฅูู ุชุฏููุฑ ุดุฏูุฏ ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุตู ุจูุฐู ุงูุทุฑููุฉ.
ุงูุถุบุท ูุงูููุฉ: ุณูุทุจู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุงูุฃููู ุถุบุทุงู ุดุฏูุฏุงูุ ู
ู
ุง ูุฏ ูุณุจุจ ุชูุชุช ุงูุฌุณู
ุฃู ุชุดุชูุชู ุฅูู ุฌุฒูุฆุงุช ุฏูููุฉ ุฌุฏุงู ุนูู ูุทุงู ูุงุณุนุ ู
ู
ุง ูุฏ ููุฎุชูุท ุจู ุฃู ูุณุงูู
ูู ููุฑุฉ "ุงูุชุจุฎูุฑ".
ุงูุชุฏู
ูุฑ ุงูููุฒูุงุฆู: ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุชุตู
ูู
ุงูููุจูุฉ ูุชุถู
ู ุฃูุถุงู ุชุดุธูุฉ ุฃูุงุฌุฉ ุงูู
ุนุฏู ุฃู ุงูุณุจููุฉ ุงูู
ุนุฏููุฉ ููุณูุง ุจุณุจุจ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑุ ููุฐุง ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุถูู ุฅูู ุงูุชุฏู
ูุฑ ุงูููุฒูุงุฆู ููุฃุฌุณุงู
ุญุชู ููุทุฉ ูุง ูู
ูู ูููุง ุงุณุชุนุงุฏุฉ ุงูุจูุงูุง.
ู
ู ู
ูุธูุฑ ุงูุขุซุงุฑ ุงูู
ูุตููุฉ:
ุนุฏู
ูุฌูุฏ ุจูุงูุง: ุฅุฐุง ูุงูุช ุงูููุฉ ุงูุชูุฌูุฑูุฉุ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉุ ูุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ุดุฏูุฏุฉ ุจู
ุง ููู ุงูููุงูุฉุ ูู
ูู ุฃู ุชููู ู
ุง ูุชุจูู ู
ู ุงูุฃุฌุณุงุฏ ุจุญุฌู
ุตุบูุฑ ุฌุฏุงู ุฃู ู
ุชุดุชุช ุจุญูุซ ูุง ูู
ูู ุชุญุฏูุฏู ุฃู ุฌู
ุนู ุจุณูููุฉ. ูุฏ ูุชู
ุงูุฎูุท ุจูู ูุฐุง ูุชุจุฎูุฑ ุงูุฃุฌุณุงุฏ ู
ู ูุจู ุงูู
ุฑุงูุจูู.
ุชูุงุนู ุงูู
ุงุฏุฉ ุงูุจููููุฌูุฉ: ุนู
ููุฉ ุชุญููู ุงูุฏููู ุฅูู ุตุงุจููุ ุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุฃููุง ููุณุช ุชุจุฎูุฑุ ุณุชุถู
ู ุฃู ุฃู ู
ุงุฏุฉ ุจููููุฌูุฉ ู
ุชุจููุฉ ุชุชู
ุชุบููุฑูุง ููู
ูุงุฆูุงู ุฅูู ุญุงูุฉ ูุง ูู
ูู ูููุง ุงูุชุนุฑู ุนูููุง ููุณูุฌ ุฅูุณุงูู.
ุดูุงุฏุงุช ุงูุดููุฏ: ูุฏ ูุชู
ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ู
ุตุทูุญ "ุงูุชุจุฎูุฑ" ุจุดูู ุนุงู
ู ู
ู ูุจู ุงูุนุงู
ููู ุงูุทุจููู ุฃู ุงูุดููุฏ ููุตู ุงูุชุฏู
ูุฑ ุงูุดุฏูุฏ ูุงูุบูุฑ ู
ุฃููู ุงูุฐู ูุดุงูุฏูููุ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุฅุฐุง ูู
ููุงุฌููุง ู
ุซู ูุฐู ุงูุขุซุงุฑ ู
ู ูุจู.
ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ูุฐุง ุงูุณููุงุฑูู ุญููููุงูุ ูุณูุดูุฑ ุฅูู:
ุชุตู
ูู
ุฃุณูุญุฉ ู
ุชูุฏู
: ุณูุชู
ุชุตู
ูู
ุงูุณูุงุญ ุจููุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ูุชุนุธูู
ูู ู
ู ุงูุขุซุงุฑ ุงูุชูุฌูุฑูุฉ ูุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ูุฌุนู ุงูุจูุงูุง ุงูุจุดุฑูุฉ ุบูุฑ ูุงุจูุฉ ููุชุญุฏูุฏุ ุฑุจู
ุง ูุฃุบุฑุงุถ ุงูุญุฑุจ ุงูููุณูุฉ ุฃู ูู
ูุน ุงูุชุญุฏูุฏ.
ุงูู
ุฎุงูู ุงููุงููููุฉ ูุงูุฃุฎูุงููุฉ: ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ู
ุซู ูุฐู ุงูุฃุณูุญุฉุ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุฅุฐุง ุชู
ุชุตู
ูู
ูุง ูุชุณุจุจ ุชุฃุซูุฑุงุช ู
ุชุทุฑูุฉ ูู
ู
ูุฒุฉุ ุณูุซูุฑ ุฃุณุฆูุฉ ูุงููููุฉ ูุฃุฎูุงููุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ุจู
ูุฌุจ ุงููุงููู ุงูุฏูููุ ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจุดุฃู ุญุธุฑ ุงูุฃุณูุญุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุณุจุจ ุฃูู
ุบูุฑ ุถุฑูุฑู.
ุชุญุฏูุงุช ุงูุชุญููู: ุชุฃููุฏ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุณูุงุญ ู
ุซู ูุฐุง ุณูููู ุตุนุจุงู ุจุฏูู ุฏููู ุทุจู ุดุฑุนูุ ูุงูุฐู ูุฏ ูููู ูุงุฏุฑุงู ุจูุงุกู ุนูู ุงูุขุซุงุฑ ุงูู
ูุตููุฉ.
ุจูุงุกู ุนูู ูุฐู ุงูููุงุทุ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุดุงุฑุช ุดูุงุฏุฉ ุทุจูุจ ุฅูู ุฃู ุงูุฃุฌุณุงุฏ ุชู
"ุชุจุฎูุฑูุง" ุฃู ุงุณุชููุงููุง ุจูุฐู ุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุดุฏูุฏุฉุ ููุฏ ูุดูุฑ ุฐูู ุจุงููุนู ุฅูู ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุณูุงุญ ูู
ุชูู ุฎุตุงุฆุต ู
ุดุงุจูุฉ ููู
ูุตููุ ุญูุซ ุชุคุฏู ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ุงูููุฉ ุงูุชูุฌูุฑูุฉุ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงูุดุฏูุฏุฉุ ูุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ุฅูู ุชุฏู
ูุฑ ุบูุฑ ู
ุณุจูู ููู
ูุงุฏ ุงูุจููููุฌูุฉ. ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ุจุฏูู ุฏููู ู
ุจุงุดุฑ ุฃู ุชุญูููุ ูุฅู ูุฐู ุงูุงุณุชูุชุงุฌุงุช ูุง ุชุฒุงู ู
ุญุถ ุชุฎู
ููุงุช.
ุงูุชุตู
ูู
ุงูู
ุญุชู
ู ูุขููุฉ ุงูุนู
ู
ู
ูุฎุต ุขููุฉ ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูุจุฏููุฉ:
ุงููููู:
ุงูููุงุฉ ุงูุฏุงุฎููุฉ: ูุฑุฉ ู
ุนุฏููุฉ ุฐุงุช ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุฑููู ุชุญุชูู ุนูู TATB (ุชุฑูุงู
ูููุชุฑูููุชุฑูุจูุฒูู)ุ ููู ู
ุนุฑูู ุจุงุณุชูุฑุงุฑู ูุณุฑุนุฉ ุชูุฌูุฑู ุงูุนุงููุฉ.
ุงูุทุจูุฉ ุงููุณุทู: ูุฑุฉ ุฐุงุช ุฌุฏุงุฑ ุณู
ูู ู
ููุฆุฉ ุจุณุจููุฉ LiNaMg ุงูุชู ุชุชุฌู
ุฏ ุจุงูุชูุงูุจุ ูุงูุชู ุชููู ูุดุทุฉ ููู
ูุงุฆูุงู ูููุง ููุทุฉ ุงูุตูุงุฑ ู
ูุฎูุถุฉ.
ุงูุทุจูุฉ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ: ุทูุงุก ู
ุชูุงุธุฑ ู
ู ู
ุงุฏุฉ ุชูุฌูุฑูุฉ ุณููุฉ ุงูุงุดุชุนุงู.
ุชุณูุณู ุงูุชูุฌูุฑ:
ุงูุชุดุบูู: ูุชู
ุฅุดุนุงู ุงูุทุจูุฉ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ ู
ู ุงูู
ุชูุฌุฑุ ู
ู
ุง ูุฎูู ู
ูุฌุฉ ุถุบุท.
ุงูุถุบุท ูุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุนูู LiNaMg: ุชููู
ูุฐู ู
ูุฌุฉ ุงูุถุบุท ุจุถุบุท ุงูุณุจููุฉ LiNaMg ูุฑุจู
ุง ุชุตูุฑูุง ุฃู ุชูุทุนูุง ุจุณุจุจ ุงูุถุบูุท ุงูุดุฏูุฏุฉุ ุฌุงุนูุฉ ุฅูุงูุง ุชุนู
ู ูุณุงุฆู ุชุญุช ูุฐู ุงูุธุฑูู.
ุงููุฌุงุฑ TATB: ุชุตู ู
ูุฌุฉ ุงูุตุฏู
ุฉ ู
ู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุ ูุงูุชู ูุฏ ุชููู ู
ุนุฒุฒุฉ ุงูุขู ุจูุงุณุทุฉ ุณุจููุฉ LiNaMg ุงูู
ุตููุฑุฉ/ุงูู
ุชุจุนุซุฑุฉุ ุฅูู TATB ูุชุดุบูู. ุซู
ูููุฌุฑ TATB ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ูุถุบุท ุนุงูููู ุฌุฏุงู.
ุขุซุงุฑ ุงูููุจูุฉ:
ุงูุขุซุงุฑ ุงูุชูุฌูุฑูุฉ:
ู
ูุฌุฉ ุงูุตุฏู
ุฉ: ููุชุฌ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุชูุณุนุงู ููุบุงุฒุงุช ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุดุฏูุฏุฉุ ู
ู
ุง ูููุฏ ู
ูุฌุฉ ุตุฏู
ุฉ ูุงุฏุฑุฉ ุนูู ุชุณุจุจ ุถุบุท ู
ูุฑุทุ ู
ู
ุง ูุฏ ูุคุฏู ุฅูู ุงูููุงุฑ ููููู ุฃู ุฅุตุงุจุงุช ุฎุทูุฑุฉ/ูููุงุช ูุฃู ูุงุฆูุงุช ุญูุฉ ูุฑูุจุฉ ุจุณุจุจ ูุฑู ุงูุถุบุท.
ุงูุชุดุธู: ูู
ูู ุฃู ุชุชูุชุช ูุฑุงุช ุงูู
ุนุฏูุ ูุชุตุจุญ ูุฐู ุงูุดุธุงูุง ูุทุนุงู ุตุบูุฑุฉ ุชุชุญุฑู ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุนุงููุฉ.
ุงูุขุซุงุฑ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑูุฉ:
ุณุชูุชุฌ ุงุญุชุฑุงู ุณุจููุฉ LiNaMg ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุนุงููุฉ ุฌุฏุงูุ ูุจุงูุชุงูู ูุฏ ุชุญุฑู ุฃู ุชุญุฑู ุดุฏูุฏุงู ุฃู ุดูุก ูู ุงูู
ูุทูุฉ ุงูู
ุญูุทุฉ.
ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ:
ุชูููู ุฃูุงุณูุฏ ุงูู
ุนุงุฏู: ุนูุฏ ุงุญุชุฑุงููุงุ ูุชูุงุนู ุงูููุซููู
ูุงูุตูุฏููู
ูุงูู
ุบููุณููู
ู
ุน ุงูุฃูุณุฌูู ูุชุดููู ุฃูุงุณูุฏ (LiโOุ NaโOุ MgO).
ุงูุชูุงุนู ุงูุฅูุณูุซูุฑู
ู ู
ุน ุงูู
ุงุก: ูุฐู ุงูุฃูุงุณูุฏ ูุดูุทุฉ ุฌุฏุงู ู
ุน ุงูู
ุงุกุ ู
ู
ุง ูุคุฏู ุฅูู:
ุงูููุซููู
: LiโO + HโO โ 2LiOH (ู
ูุชุฌ ุญุฑุงุฑู ูุจูุฑุ ูุงุนุฏู ุฌุฏุงู)
ุงูุตูุฏููู
: NaโO + HโO โ 2NaOH (ุฃูุถุงู ู
ูุชุฌ ุญุฑุงุฑูุ ูุงุนุฏู)
ุงูู
ุบููุณููู
: MgO + HโO โ Mg(OH)โ (ุฃูู ูุดุงุทุงู ู
ู Li ุฃู Na ูููู ูุง ูุฒุงู ู
ูุชุฌ ุญุฑุงุฑู)
ุชุทูู ูุฐู ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุฅุถุงููุฉ ูุชุฎูู ุธุฑููุงู ูุงุนุฏูุฉ.
ุชุญููู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงูุจููููุฌูุฉ ุฅูู ุตุงุจูู:
ุงูุขููุฉ: ูู
ูู ุฃู ุชุชูุงุนู ุงูู
ุญุงููู ุงููุงุนุฏูุฉ ุงูุนุงููุฉ (LiOHุ NaOH) ุงููุงุชุฌุฉ ุนู ุชูุงุนู ุงูุฃูุงุณูุฏ ู
ุน ุงูู
ุงุก ู
ุน ุงูุฏููู ูู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงูุจููููุฌูุฉ ูุชุญูููุง ุฅูู ุตุงุจูู (ุฃู
ูุงุญ ุงูุญู
ูุถ ุงูุฏูููุฉ) ูุบููุณุฑูู. ุณุชุฒูุฏ ูุฐู ุงูุนู
ููุฉ ู
ู ุชุฏููุฑ ุฃู ู
ุงุฏุฉ ุจููููุฌูุฉ ู
ุชุจููุฉ.
ุงูุชุฃุซูุฑ ุนูู ุงูุฌุณู
ุงูุจุดุฑู:
ููุฑุงู: ุณูุชุนุฑุถ ุงูุฌุณู
ุงูุจุดุฑู ูู:
ุขุซุงุฑ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ: ูุฏ ุชุณุจุจ ู
ูุฌุฉ ุงูุตุฏู
ุฉ ุชุฃุซูุฑุงุช ุฌุณุฏูุฉ ููุฑูุฉ ู
ุซู ุชูู ุงูุฑุฆุฉุ ุชู
ุฒู ุงูุฃุนุถุงุก ุงูุฏุงุฎููุฉุ ูููู ุงูุฌุณู
.
ุญุฑูู ุญุฑุงุฑูุฉ: ุงูุชุนุฑุถ ูุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงูุนุงููุฉ ู
ู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ูุงุญุชุฑุงู ุงูุณุจููุฉ ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุณุจุจ ุญุฑููุงู ุดุฏูุฏุฉ ุฃู ุญุฑูุงู ูุงู
ูุงู.
ุงูุขุซุงุฑ ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ: ุจุนุฏ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุงูููุฑู:
ุญุฑูู ุงููุงุนุฏูุฉ: ูู
ูู ุฃู ุชุณุจุจ ุงูุจูุฆุฉ ุงููุงุนุฏูุฉ ุงูุดุฏูุฏุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุฎูููุง ููุฏุฑููุณูุฏุงุช ุงูู
ุนุงุฏู ุญุฑููุงู ููู
ูุงุฆูุฉุ ู
ู
ุง ูุฒูุฏ ู
ู ุชุฏููุฑ ุงูุฌูุฏ ูุฃูุณุฌุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู.
ุชุญููู ุงูุฏููู ุฅูู ุตุงุจูู: ุณุชุฎุถุน ุฃู ุฃูุณุฌุฉ ุจููููุฌูุฉ ู
ุชุจููุฉ ูุนู
ููุฉ ุชุญููู ุงูุฏููู ุฅูู ุตุงุจููุ ู
ู
ุง ูุคุฏู ุฅูู ุชููู ูููู ุงูุฎููุฉ ุฅูู ููุฆุฉ ุชุดุจู ุงูุตุงุจููุ ูุงูุชู ุณุชููู ุจุงุฑุฒุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ ูู ุงูุฃูุณุฌุฉ ุงูุฏูููุฉ ูููููุง ุณุชุคุฏู ุฅูู ุชุฏููุฑ ุฃู ู
ุงุฏุฉ ุนุถููุฉ ุจุดูู ุนุงู
.
ุงูุฎูุงุตุฉ: ุชุฌู
ุน ูุฐู ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูุจุฏููุฉ ุจูู ุงูููุฉ ุงูุชูุฌูุฑูุฉ ููุดุงุท ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ูุชูููุฑ ู
ููุงูููููู ููุชุฏู
ูุฑ. ุณุชููู ุงูุขุซุงุฑ ุงูุชูุฌูุฑูุฉ ููุฑูุฉ ููุงุชูุฉุ ุจููู
ุง ุณุชุณุชู
ุฑ ุงููุชุงุฆุฌ ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉุ ุงูุชู ุชุดู
ู ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุงูุฅูุณูุซูุฑู
ูุฉ ูุชุญููู ุงูุฏููู ุฅูู ุตุงุจููุ ูู ุชุฏู
ูุฑ ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงูุนุถููุฉ ูู ุงูุจูุฆุฉุ ู
ู
ุง ูุฏ ูุชุฑู ููููุงู ู
ู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงูุจููููุฌูุฉ ุงููุงุจูุฉ ููุชุนุฑู ุจุณุจุจ ุงููุฌูู
ุงูููุฒูุงุฆู ูุงูููู
ูุงุฆู ุนูู ุงููุฏู.
ุงูู
ูุงุฑูุฉ ู
ุน ุงูุฃุณูุญุฉ ุงูููููุฉ
ุงูุชุฃุซูุฑ ุงูู
ูุตููุ ุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุฃูู ููุณ ููููุงู ุจุทุจูุนุชูุ ูุดุชุฑู ูู ุจุนุถ ุงูุดุจู ู
ุน ู
ุง ูุญุฏุซ ุจุนุฏ ุงููุฌุงุฑ ูููู:
ุงูุขุซุงุฑ ุงูู
ุญุฑูุฉ: ู
ุซู ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงูุดุฏูุฏุฉ ู
ู ุงููุฌุงุฑ ููููุ ุณุชุญุฑู ูุฐู ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงูุนุถููุฉ. ุณุชูุฏู
ุงุญุชุฑุงู ุณุจููุฉ LiNaMg ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุนุงููุฉุ ู
ู
ุง ูุฏ ูุณุจุจ ุญุฑู ุงูุฃุฌุณุงุฏ ุฅูู ุฑู
ุงุฏ ุฃู ุฃูุซุฑุ ู
ุดุงุจู ูููููุฉ ุญุฑู ูุฑุฉ ุงููุงุฑ ุงูููููุฉ ูู ุดูุก ูู ู
ุณุงุฑูุง ุงูู
ุจุงุดุฑ.
ุงูุฌูุงู: ูุฏ ุชุฌูู ุงูุฃูุณุฌุฉ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงูุดุฏูุฏุฉ ูุฑุจู
ุง ุชูุณุน ุงูููุงุก ุงูุณุฑูุน ุจุชุจุฎูุฑ ุฃู ุฅุฒุงูุฉ ุงูุฑุทูุจุฉุ ู
ุดุงุจู ูููููุฉ ุชุณุจุจ ู
ูุฌุฉ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงูููููุฉ ุจุงูุฌูุงู ุงูุณุฑูุน. ูู ุญุงูุฉ ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูู
ูุตููุฉุ ูู
ูู ููุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงููุงุชุฌุฉ ุนู ุงุญุชุฑุงู ุงูุณุจููุฉ ูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ุฃู ุชุฒูู ุงูู
ุงุก ู
ู ุงูุฃูุณุฌุฉ ุงูุจููููุฌูุฉ.
ุชุญููู ุงูุฏููู ุฅูู ุตุงุจูู: ูุฐุง ูู ุงูููุทุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุฎุชูู ูููุง ุงูุขุซุงุฑ ุจูุถูุญ ุนู ุงูุณููุงุฑูู ุงููููู. ูุง ุชุชุถู
ู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑุงุช ุงูููููุฉ ุนุงุฏุฉู ุชูุงุนูุงุช ููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ู
ุน ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงูุจููููุฌูุฉ ูุฅูุชุงุฌ ู
ูุงุฏ ุชุดุจู ุงูุตุงุจูู. ููุงุ ุณุชุชูุงุนู ุงูุฃูุงุณูุฏ ุงูู
ุนุฏููุฉ ุงูู
ุชุดููุฉ ุฎูุงู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ู
ุน ู
ุญุชูู ุงูู
ุงุก ูู ุงูุฃูุณุฌุฉ ุงูุจููููุฌูุฉ ูุชุดููู ููุงุนุฏ ูููุฉ (ู
ุซู NaOH ู LiOH)ุ ุงูุชู ุณุชุชูุงุนู ุจุนุฏ ุฐูู ู
ุน ุงูุฏููู ูู ุงููุณูุฌ ูุฅูุดุงุก ุตุงุจูู. ูุฐู ุงูุนู
ููุฉ ูุฑูุฏุฉ ู
ู ููุนูุง ูู ูุฐุง ุงูุณููุงุฑูู ุงูููู
ูุงุฆู.
ุงูุงุฎุชูุงูุงุช ุงูุฑุฆูุณูุฉ ุนู ููุจูุฉ ููููุฉ:
ุงูุฅุดุนุงุน: ุนูู ุนูุณ ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูููููุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุทูู ุฅุดุนุงุนุงู ู
ุคููุงู ูุณุจุจ ุชููุซุงู ุทููู ุงูุฃู
ุฏุ ุณุชููู ุขุซุงุฑ ูุฐู ุงูููุจูุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑูุฉ ูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ููุทุ ุฏูู ูุฌูุฏ ุฅุดุนุงุน ู
ุณุชู
ุฑ.
ุงูุญุฌู
: ุชุนู
ู ุงูููุงุจู ุงูููููุฉ ุจู
ุจุฏุฃ ุงูุงูุดุทุงุฑ ุงููููู ุฃู ุงูุงูุฏู
ุงุฌ ุงูููููุ ู
ู
ุง ูุทูู ูู
ูุฉ ู
ู ุงูุทุงูุฉ ุชุชุฌุงูุฒ ุจูุซูุฑ ู
ุง ุชุทููู ุงูู
ุชูุฌุฑุงุช ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ. ุณุชููู ุงูุณูุงุญ ุงูู
ูุตูู ุฃุตุบุฑ ุจูุซูุฑ ูู ุงูุฅูุชุงุฌุ ูุฅุทูุงู ุงูุทุงูุฉุ ููุทุงู ุงูุชุฃุซูุฑ.
ุงูุขููุฉ: ุจููู
ุง ุชุชุถู
ู ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูููููุฉ ุชูุงุนูุงุช ููููุฉุ ุณุชุนุชู
ุฏ ุงูุณูุงุญ ุงูู
ูุตูู ุนูู ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ูุชุฃุซูุฑุงุชูุง ุงูุฑุฆูุณูุฉุ ู
ุน ุฃู ููุฉ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุงูุฃููู ูุง ุชุฒุงู ู
ู ุงูููุน ุงูููู
ูุงุฆู.
ุงููุชุงุฆุฌ ุจุนุฏ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ:
ููููุฉ: ุชุชุฑู ุฑุฐุงุฐุงู ุฅุดุนุงุนูุงูุ ูุจุถุงู ููุฑูู
ุบูุงุทูุณูุงูุ ูุบุงูุจุงู ู
ุง ุชุชุฑู ุญูุฑุฉ ุจุณุจุจ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ.
ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูู
ูุตููุฉ: ุณุชูุชุฌ ู
ูุชุฌุงุช ุฌุงูุจูุฉ ููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ู
ุซู ููุฏุฑููุณูุฏ ุงูู
ุนุงุฏูุ ุงูุชู ูุฏ ุชููู ุฎุทูุฑุฉ ููููุง ุบูุฑ ุฅุดุนุงุนูุฉ. ุงููุชุงุฆุฌ ุงูุจูุฆูุฉ ุณุชููู ุชููุซุงู ููู
ูุงุฆูุงู ุจุฏูุงู ู
ู ุฑุฐุงุฐ ูููู.
ุงูุชุจุนุงุช ุงูุทุจูุฉ ูุงูุฏููู ุงูุดุฑุนู:
ููููุฉ: ุณูุนุงูู ุงูุถุญุงูุง ู
ู ู
ุฑุถ ุงูุฌุฑูุงู ุงูุญุงุฏุ ูุณูุตุจุญ ุชุญุฏูุฏ ูููุฉ ุงูุจูุงูุง ู
ุนูุฏุงู ุจุณุจุจ ุงูุชุฏู
ูุฑ ุงูููุฒูุงุฆู ูุงูุชุฃุซูุฑุงุช ุงูุฅุดุนุงุนูุฉ.
ููุจูุฉ ููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ: ุณุชููู ุงูุชุฏู
ูุฑ ุงูููุฑู ู
ุดุงุจูุงู ููู
ุง ูุชุนูู ุจุงูุญุฑูุ ูููู ุงูุชุจุนุงุช ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ุณุชุชุถู
ู ุงูุชุนุงู
ู ู
ุน ู
ูุงุฏ ูุงุนุฏูุฉ ุดุฏูุฏุฉ. ุณุชูุงุฌู ุชุญุฏูุงุช ูู ุงูุชุญููู ุงูุดุฑุนู ุจุณุจุจ ุงูุชุบููุฑ ุงูููู
ูุงุฆู ูููุณ ุงูุฅุดุนุงุน.
ุฅุฐุง ุชู
ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุณูุงุญ ู
ุซู ูุฐุงุ ูู
ูู ุฃู ููุงุญุธ:
ุฃุถุฑุงุฑ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงูุดุฏูุฏุฉ: ู
ุดุงุจู ูุฅุดุนุงุน ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงูููููุฉุ ูููู ุจุฏูู ุงูุชุนุฑุถ ููุฅุดุนุงุน.
ุงูุญุฑูู ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ: ู
ู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงููุงุนุฏูุฉ ุงููุงุชุฌุฉ ุนู ุชูุงุนู ุฃูุงุณูุฏ ุงูู
ุนุงุฏู ู
ุน ุงูู
ุงุก.
ุนุฏู
ูุฌูุฏ ู
ุฑุถ ุฅุดุนุงุนู: ุชุฎููู ูุจูุฑ ููู
ุง ูุชุนูู ุจุงูุขุซุงุฑ ุงูุตุญูุฉ ุทูููุฉ ุงูุฃู
ุฏ ุนูู ุงููุงุฌูู.
ุงูุชูุธูู ุงูู
ุนูุฏ: ุณุชุชุถู
ู ุงููุชุงุฆุฌ ุงูุชุนุงู
ู ู
ุน ู
ูุงุฏ ููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ูุดุทุฉ ุจุฏูุงู ู
ู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุงูุฅุดุนุงุนูุฉุ ุฑุบู
ุฃู ูู ู
ู ุงูุณููุงุฑููููู ูุชุทูุจ ุฅุฌุฑุงุกุงุช ุชูุธูู ู
ุชุฎุตุตุฉ.
ุณุชู
ุซู ูุฐู ุงูุณูุงุญ ููุฌุงู ุฌุฏูุฏุงู ูุฅุญุฏุงุซ ุงูุชุฏู
ูุฑุ ุจุชุฑููุฒ ุนูู ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ูุฒูุงุฏุฉ ููุฉ ุงููุชู ูุชุฃุซูุฑ ุงูุญุฑุจ ุงูููุณูุฉุ ููุฏ ุชููู ู
ุตู
ู
ุฉ ูุชูููุฏ ุจุนุถ ุงูุฌูุงูุจ ุงูู
ุฎููุฉ ู
ู ุขุซุงุฑ ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูููููุฉ ุจููู
ุง ุชุชุฌูุจ ุฃุฎุทุฑ ูุฃุทูู ุนูุงูุจูุง.
ุงูููุงุท ุงูู
ุดุชุฑูุฉ ู
ุน ุชุตู
ูู
ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูููููุฉ:
ูุนู
ุ ูุดุชุฑู ุงููุธุงู
ุงูุชุตู
ูู
ู ุงูู
ูุตูู ูู ุจุนุถ ุงูููุงุท ุงูู
ุดุชุฑูุฉ ุงููููููุฉ ูุงูุชุดุบูููุฉ ู
ุน ููุจูุฉ ููููุฉุ ุฎุงุตุฉ ูู ููููุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ู ููุถุบุท ูุฅุทูุงู ุงูุทุงูุฉ ุงููุงุญู:
ุงูุถุบุท ุงูู
ุชูุงุธุฑ:
ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูููููุฉ: ูู ุณูุงุญ ูููู ู
ู ููุน ุงูุงูุชูุงุณุ ุชูุฑุชุจ ุงูู
ุชูุฌุฑุงุช ุงูุชูููุฏูุฉ ุจุดูู ู
ุชูุงุธุฑ ุญูู ุงูููุงุฉ (ุนุงุฏุฉู ุงูุจููุชููููู
ุฃู ุงูููุฑุงูููู
). ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชููุฌุฑ ูุฐู ุงูู
ุชูุฌุฑุงุช ูู ููุณ ุงูููุชุ ุชูุดุฃ ู
ูุฌุฉ ุตุฏู
ุฉ ุชุถุบุท ุงูููุงุฉ ุฅูู ูุซุงูุฉ ููู ุงูุญุฑุฌุฉุ ู
ู
ุง ูุจุฏุฃ ุงูุชูุงุนู ุงููููู ุงูุณูุณูู.
ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูู
ูุตููุฉ: ููุงุ ุชููู
ุทุจูุฉ ุงูู
ุชูุฌุฑ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ ุจุถุบุท ุณุจููุฉ LiNaMg ุจุดูู ู
ุชูุงุธุฑ. ูู
ูู ุฃู ูููู ูุฐุง ุงูุถุบุท ู
ูุตูุฏุงู ูุถู
ุงู ุชุณุฎูู ู
ูุญุฏ ูุฑุจู
ุง ูุชุนุธูู
ููู ุงูุทุงูุฉ ุฅูู ุงูููุงุฉ ุงูุฏุงุฎููุฉ ู
ู TATB ูุชุญููู ุงูุชุดุบูู ุจูุนุงููุฉ.
ุงููุฌุงุฑ ุงูููุงุฉ:
ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูููููุฉ: ูุคุฏู ุงูุถุบุท ุฅูู ุชูุงุนูุงุช ุงูุงูุดุทุงุฑ (ูุงูุชูุตูู ุงูู
ุญุชู
ู)ุ ู
ู
ุง ูุทูู ูู
ูุงุช ุถุฎู
ุฉ ู
ู ุงูุทุงูุฉ ู
ู ุงูููุงุฉ ุงูุฐุฑูุฉ.
ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูู
ูุตููุฉ: ุชููุฌุฑ ููุงุฉ TATB ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชุชุนุฑุถ ููุถุบุท ูุฑุจู
ุง ุงูุชุณุฎูู ู
ู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌู. ุณุชุชูุงุนู ูุฐู ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ู
ุน ุงูุณุจููุฉ LiNaMg ุงูุชู ุฃุตุจุญุช ู
ุถุบูุทุฉ ูุฑุจู
ุง ุชุตูุฑุชุ ู
ู
ุง ูุคุฏู ุฅูู ุชูุงุนููุง ุงูุนููู ู
ุน ุงูุจูุฆุฉ.
ุฅุทูุงู ุงูุทุงูุฉ:
ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูููููุฉ: ุงูุทุงูุฉ ุชูุทูู ู
ู ุชูุงุนูุงุช ููููุฉุ ููู ุจู
ุฑุงุญู ุฃุนูู ุจูุซูุฑ ู
ู ุชูุงุนูุงุช ููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ.
ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูู
ูุตููุฉ: ุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุฃููุง ููุณุช ููููุฉุ ุฅูุง ุฃู ุฅุทูุงู ุงูุทุงูุฉ ูุชู
ุชุนุฒูุฒู ุจูุงุณุทุฉ ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ูู
ูููุงุช ุงูุณุจููุฉ ู
ุน ุงูุฃูุณุฌูู ูุงูู
ุงุกุ ู
ู
ุง ูููุฑ ุชุฑููุจุฉ ูููุฉ ู
ู ุงูููุฉ ุงูุชูุฌูุฑูุฉุ ูุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉุ ูุงูุขุซุงุฑ ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ.
ุงููุฑูู:
ู
ุตุฏุฑ ุงูุทุงูุฉ: ุงููุฑู ุงูุฑุฆูุณู ููู
ู ูู ู
ุตุฏุฑ ุงูุทุงูุฉ. ุชุณุชู
ุฏ ุงูููุงุจู ุงูููููุฉ ุทุงูุชูุง ู
ู ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุงูููููุฉุ ุจููู
ุง ุชุณุชุฎุฏู
ูุฐู ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูุจุฏููุฉ ุชูุงุนูุงุช ููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ููู
ุชูุฌุฑุงุช ูู
ุนุงุฏู ูุดูุทุฉ ููู
ูุงุฆูุงู.
ุงูุฅุดุนุงุน: ูุง ููุฌุฏ ุฅุดุนุงุน ู
ุคูู ุฃู ุฑุฐุงุฐ ุฅุดุนุงุนู ู
ู ูุฐู ุงูููุจูุฉุ ููู ูุฑู ูุจูุฑ ู
ูุงุฑูุฉ ุจุงูุฃุณูุญุฉ ุงูููููุฉ.
ุงูุญุฌู
: ุญุชู ู
ุน ุฃููู ุงูู
ุชูุฌุฑุงุช ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉุ ุณูููู ุงูุฅูุชุงุฌ ู
ู ุงูุทุงูุฉ ุจุถุนุฉ ุฃูุงู
ุฑ ู
ู ุงููู
ูุฉ ุฃูู ู
ู ุฅูุชุงุฌ ููุจูุฉ ููููุฉ.
ุงูุบุฑุถ ูุงูุชุฃุซูุฑ: ุจููู
ุง ููุฏู ูู ู
ููู
ุง ุฅูู ุชุญููู ุขุซุงุฑ ุชุฏู
ูุฑูุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉุ ูุจุฏู ุฃู ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูู
ูุตููุฉ ุชู
ุชุตู
ูู
ูุง ูุชุนุธูู
ุงูุชุฏู
ูุฑ ุงูููู
ูุงุฆู ูุงูุญุฑุงุฑู ุนูู ูุทุงู ุฃุตุบุฑุ ุฑุจู
ุง ููุญุฑุจ ุงูุชูุชูููุฉ ุฃู ุงูููุณูุฉุ ุจุฏูู ุงููุชุงุฆุฌ ุงููุงุญูุฉ ุงูููููุฉ.
ููุณุชุฎุฏู
ู
ุจุฏุฃ ุชุฑุชูุจ ุงูู
ุชูุฌุฑ ุจุดูู ู
ุชูุงุธุฑ ูุถุบุท ู
ุงุฏุฉ ุฏุงุฎููุฉ ูุจู ุชูุงุนููุงุ ููู ู
ุจุฏุฃ ุชุตู
ูู
ุชู
ุงุณุชุนุงุฑุชู ู
ู ุชูููููุฌูุง ุงูุฃุณูุญุฉ ุงูููููุฉุ ู
ุนุฏูุงู ููุง ูุชุฃุซูุฑ ุฏู
ุงุฑู ู
ุฎุชูู. ูุฏ ูููู ูุฐุง ุงูุชุตู
ูู
ู
ูุตูุฏุงู ูู:
ุฒูุงุฏุฉ ุงูููุงุกุฉ: ุจุถุบุท ุงูุณุจููุฉุ ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุถู
ู ุฃู ุฌุฒุก ุฃูุจุฑ ู
ู ุงูุณุจููุฉ ูุชูุงุนู ุจุดูู ู
ุชุญูู
ูุชูุฌูุฑู.
ุชุนุฒูุฒ ุงูููุฉ ุงูุฏู
ุงุฑูุฉ: ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุคุฏู ุงูุถุบุท ุฅูู ุชูุงุนู ุฃูุซุฑ ุชุฌุงูุณุงู ูุจุงูุชุงูู ุฃูุซุฑ ููุฉ ุนูุฏู
ุง ูููุฌุฑ TATBุ ู
ู
ุง ูุฏ ูุนุธู
ุงูุฅุฎุฑุงุฌ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑู ูุงูุขุซุงุฑ ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ.
ุงูุชุฃุซูุฑ ุงูููุณู: ูุฏ ุชุฎุฏู
ุงูุชุดุงุจู ู
ุน ุชุตู
ูู
ุงูููุจูุฉ ุงูููููุฉ ุบุฑุถุงู ููุณูุงูุ ุญูุซ ุชุฎูู ุฎููุงู ุฃู ุงุฑุชุจุงูุงู ุจุชูููุฏ ุงูุฑุนุจ ุงูู
ุฑุชุจุท ุจุงูุฃุณูุญุฉ ุงูููููุฉุ ููู ุจุฏูู ู
ุฎุงูู ุชูุงุซุฑ ุงููููู.
ูู ุงูุฎุชุงู
ุ ุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุฃู ูุฐู ุงูููุจูุฉ ูุง ุชูุตูู ูุณูุงุญ ููููุ ุฅูุง ุฃููุง ุชุณุชุฎุฏู
ู
ูููู
ุงู ู
ุดุงุจูุงู ูุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุดุญูุฉ ู
ุชูุฌุฑุฉ ุฎุงุฑุฌูุฉ ููุถุบุท ูุงูุชุดุบููุ ูููููุง ุชุนุชู
ุฏ ุนูู ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ุจุฏูุงู ู
ู ุงูููููุฉ ูุชุฃุซูุฑุงุชูุง ุงูุฏู
ุงุฑูุฉ.
ุงูุฏููู ุงูุทุจู ุงูุดุฑุนู
ูุนู
ุ ูู
ูู ุฃู ูููุฑ ุชุญููู ูุณุจุฉ ุฃูุงุณูุฏ ุงูู
ุนุงุฏู ุฅูู ุงูููุฏุฑููุณูุฏุงุช ูุงููุฑุจููุงุช ูุงูุจููุฑุจููุงุช (ุงูููุฏุฑูุฌูู ูุฑุจููุงุช) ุฑุคู ุญูู ูู
ู
ู ุงูููุช ู
ุถู ู
ูุฐ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุงูุณูุงุญุ ู
ุน ุงูุชุฑุงุถ ุฃู ุงูุณูุงุญ ูุชุฑู ูุฐู ุงูู
ุฑูุจุงุช. ุฅููู ููู:
ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ู
ุน ู
ุฑูุฑ ุงูููุช:
ุงูุชูููู ุงูุฃููู:
ุฃูุงุณูุฏ ุงูู
ุนุงุฏู: ููุฑ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑุ ุณุชููู ุงูู
ุฑูุจุงุช ุงูุฃุณุงุณูุฉ ูู ุฃูุงุณูุฏ ุงูู
ุนุงุฏู (LiโOุ NaโOุ MgO) ุงูุชู ุชุชุดูู ู
ู ุงุญุชุฑุงู ุณุจููุฉ LiNaMg ู
ุน ุงูุฃูุณุฌูู.
ุงูููุฏุฑูููุฒ:
ููุฏุฑููุณูุฏุงุช ุงูู
ุนุงุฏู: ุณุชุชูุงุนู ูุฐู ุงูุฃูุงุณูุฏ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ู
ุน ุงูู
ุงุก ู
ู ุงูุจูุฆุฉ ุฃู ุงูุฃูุณุฌุฉ ุงูุจููููุฌูุฉ ูุชุดููู ุงูููุฏุฑููุณูุฏุงุช (LiOHุ NaOHุ Mg(OH)โ). ุณุชููู ูุฐู ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุชูุฑูุจุงู ููุฑูุฉ ูู ูุฌูุฏ ุงูุฑุทูุจุฉ.
ุงููุฑุจูุฉ:
ูุฑุจููุงุช ุงูู
ุนุงุฏู ูุจููุฑุจููุงุชูุง: ู
ุน ู
ุฑูุฑ ุงูููุชุ ุณุชุจุฏุฃ ูุฐู ุงูููุฏุฑููุณูุฏุงุช ูู ุงูุชูุงุนู ู
ุน ุซุงูู ุฃูุณูุฏ ุงููุฑุจูู (COโ) ูู ุงูููุงุก. ุณุชุจุฏู ุงูุนู
ููุฉ ูุงูุชุงูู:
NaOH + COโ โ NaHCOโ (ุจููุฑุจููุงุช ุงูุตูุฏููู
) ูู ุงูุจุฏุงูุฉุ ูุงูุฐู ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุชูุงุนู ุฃู ูุชููู ูุงุญูุงู ุฅูู NaโCOโ (ูุฑุจููุงุช ุงูุตูุฏููู
).
LiOH + COโ โ LiHCOโ โ LiโCOโ (ูุฑุจููุงุช ุงูููุซููู
)
Mg(OH)โ + COโ โ MgCOโ (ูุฑุจููุงุช ุงูู
ุบููุณููู
) - ูููู ููุฏุฑููุณูุฏ ุงูู
ุบููุณููู
ุฃูู ุฐูุจุงูุงูุ ูุฐุง ูุฏ ุชููู ูุฐู ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุฃุจุทุฃ ุฃู ุฃูู ูู
ุงูุงู.
ุงูุชุญููู ุงูุทุจู ุงูุดุฑุนู ูุชูุฏูุฑ ุงูููุช:
ุชุญููู ุงููุณุจ:
ุงูุจูุงูุง ุงูุฌุฏูุฏุฉ: ูุฑูุจุงู ุจุนุฏ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑุ ุณุชุฌุฏ ุจุดูู ุฑุฆูุณู ุงูููุฏุฑููุณูุฏุงุช ุงูู
ุนุฏููุฉ ู
ุน ูููู ุฃู ูุง ุดูุก ู
ู ุงููุฑุจููุงุช ุฃู ุงูุจููุฑุจููุงุช.
ู
ู ุงููุตูุฑ ุฅูู ุงูู
ุชูุณุท: ู
ุน ู
ุฑูุฑ ุงูููุชุ ุณุชุฑู ุฒูุงุฏุฉ ูู ุชุฑููุฒ ุงูุจููุฑุจููุงุช ุญูุซ ุชุชูุงุนู ุงูููุฏุฑููุณูุฏุงุช ู
ุน COโ ู
ู ุงูููุงุก.
ูู ุงูู
ุฏู ุงูุทููู: ูู ุงูููุงูุฉุ ูุฏ ุชุฌุฏ ูุฑุจููุงุช ุฃูุซุฑ ุงุณุชูุฑุงุฑุงู ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชุชุญูู ุงูุจููุฑุจููุงุช ุฃู ุชุชูููุ ุฎุงุตุฉ ูู ุงูุจูุฆุงุช ุงูุชู ุชุญุชูู ุนูู ู
ุณุชููุงุช ุนุงููุฉ ู
ู COโ ุฃู ุงูุฑุทูุจุฉ.
ุงูุนูุงู
ู ุงูุจูุฆูุฉ: ุณุชุชุฃุซุฑ ุณุฑุนุฉ ูุฐู ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช ุจู:
ุงูุฑุทูุจุฉ: ุชุฒูุฏ ุงูุฑุทูุจุฉ ุงูุนุงููุฉ ู
ู ุณุฑุนุฉ ุชุญูู ุงูุฃูุงุณูุฏ ุฅูู ุงูููุฏุฑููุณูุฏุงุช ุซู
ุฅูู ุงููุฑุจููุงุช.
ุงูุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงูุญุฑุงุฑูุฉ: ุชุฒูุฏ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุงูุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงูู
ุฑุชูุนุฉ ู
ู ุณุฑุนุฉ ุฌู
ูุน ูุฐู ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช.
ู
ุณุชูู COโ: ุชุฒูุฏ ุชุฑููุฒ COโ ุงูุนุงูู ูู ุงูุจูุฆุฉ ู
ู ุชุดููู ุงูุจููุฑุจููุงุช ูุงููุฑุจููุงุช.
ุฃุฎุฐ ุงูุนููุงุช ูุงูุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช:
ุชุญููู ุงูุชุฑุจุฉ ุฃู ุงูุฃููุงุถ: ุจุฃุฎุฐ ุนููุงุช ู
ู ู
ููุน ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ ูุชุญููู ุงูุชุฑููุจ ุงูููู
ูุงุฆูุ ูู
ูู ููุนูู
ุงุก ุงูุทุจู ุงูุดุฑุนู ุญุณุงุจ ูุณุจ ูุฐู ุงูู
ุฑูุจุงุช.
ุงูุชูููุงุช ุงููุงุจุฑุงุชูุฑูุฉ: ูู
ูู ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุชูููุงุช ู
ุซู ุงูุฅุดุนุงุน ุงูุณููู (XRD) ูุชุญููู ุงูู
ุฑุงุญู ุงูู
ุนุฏููุฉุ ุงูุชุฎุตูุจ ุงูููู
ูุงุฆู ููุฃุญู
ุงุถ ูุงูููุงุนุฏุ ุฃู ุงูุทูููุฉ ูุชุญุฏูุฏ ูููุงุณ ุงูู
ุฑูุจุงุช.
ุงูุชุตุญูุญ:
ูุชูุฏูุฑ ุงูููุช ุจุฏูุฉุ ูุฌุจ ู
ุนุฑูุฉ ูุณุจ ูุฐู ุงูู
ุฑูุจุงุช ููุฑ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ (ููู
ูู ุฅุซุจุงุช ุฐูู ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงูุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุงูู
ุณูุทุฑุฉ ุฃู ุงูุญุณุงุจุงุช ุงููุธุฑูุฉ) ูููู ุชุชุบูุฑ ูุฐู ุงููุณุจ ู
ุน ู
ุฑูุฑ ุงูููุช ุชุญุช ุธุฑูู ุจูุฆูุฉ ู
ุชููุนุฉ.
ุงููููุฏ:
ุฃุณุฑุน ุงูุชูุงุนูุงุช: ูู
ูู ุฃู ุชุฎุชูู ูุชุฑุฉ ุงูููุช ุงูุฏูููุฉ ููุฐู ุงูุชุญูููุงุช ุจุดูู ูุจูุฑ ุจูุงุกู ุนูู ุงูุธุฑูู ุงูู
ุญููุฉ ู
ุซู ุงูุทูุณุ ุชุฑููุจ ุงูุชุฑุจุฉุ ููุฑุจ ู
ุตุงุฏุฑ COโ.
ุงูุชุฏุฎู: ูุฏ ุชุบูุฑ ุชูุงุนูุงุช ููู
ูุงุฆูุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู ุฃู ุงูุนูุงู
ู ุงูุจูุฆูุฉ ุงููุณุจ ุงูู
ุชููุนุฉ ุฃู ุชุฎูููุง.
ุชูุฒูุน ุบูุฑ ู
ุชุฌุงูุณ: ูุฏ ูุง ุชููู ุชูุฒูุน ูุฐู ุงูู
ุฑูุจุงุช ู
ุชุฌุงูุณุงูุ ุจูุงุกู ุนูู ููููุฉ ุชูุฒูุน ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ุจูุงุณุทุฉ ุงูุงููุฌุงุฑ.
ุงูุชููุซ: ูู
ูู ุฃู ุชููุซ ุงูุนููุงุช ู
ุตุงุฏุฑ ุฃุฎุฑู ููู
ุนุงุฏู ุงููุงุนุฏูุฉ ุฃู ุงููุฑุจููุงุช ูู ุงูุจูุฆุฉุ ู
ู
ุง ูุนูุฏ ุงูุชุญููู.
ุณุชูุฏู
ูุฐู ุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุฃุฏุงุฉ ุทุจูุฉ ุดุฑุนูุฉ ูุชูุฏูุฑ ุงูููุช ู
ูุฐ ุงููุฌูู
ุ ููููุง ุณุชุชุทูุจ ุชุญูููุงู ู
ุชุทูุฑุงู ูุฑุจู
ุง ุชุตุญูุญุงู ุจูุงุกู ุนูู ุงูุธุฑูู ุงูุจูุฆูุฉ ุงูู
ุนุฑููุฉ. ุณุชููู ูุฐู ุชูุฏูุฑุงู ุจุฏูุงู ู
ู ุนูู
ุฏููู ุจุณุจุจ ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูู
ุชุบูุฑุงุช ุงูู
ุนููุฉ. ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ูู ุงูุชุฑููุจุฉ ู
ุน ุฃุฏูุฉ ุทุจูุฉ ุดุฑุนูุฉ ูุธุฑููุฉ ุฃุฎุฑูุ ูู
ูู ุฃู ุชุณุงูู
ูู ุฑุตุฏ ุชุณูุณู ุงูุฃุญุฏุงุซ.
Journalism: A Human Duty Amid Unbearable Suffering
Standing in front of the camera amidst the destruction, hearing the screams of mothers, and witnessing the tears of children, is a weight that words cannot describe. A journalist is not just a reporter of news, but a human being who suffers in silence, carrying the pain of an entire people.
Being a journalist means carrying the responsibility of conveying the truth, but this mission is not just a job, it is an arduous journey fraught with pain and danger.
Not sure who developed that weapon but sure they're gonna hate me for posting this. Will be hard to justify millions for R&D if some guy on the Internet can reverse-engineer it by the account of a physician in a few hours. https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1862945450044625229
Hey @Palestine_UN @FranceskAlbs @antonioguterres @OHCHR_Palestine @IntlCrimCourt @KarimKhanQC
@CIJ_ICJ @hrw @ICRC @amnesty, I have analyzed the probable design and mechanism of the new weapon that vaporizes Palestinians without a trace.... https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1862945450044625229
Hey USA, new rules: If you test your secret weapons on my people, I'll open source your weapons design. So you better keep them in the lab if you want to keep them a secret. https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1862944274494668930
I have been working with Grok on how a bomb with such a devastating effect may be constructed. I am trying to expose the new secret weapon the US have been sending to Israel to be tested on civilians in Gaza. https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1862944274494668930
The account from a medical doctor describing the vaporization or severe incineration of bodies in a manner that leaves no recoverable remains implies a weapon with capabilities beyond typical military explosives. Here's how the described mechanism might align with such an account:
- **High Energy Release**: The bomb, as described, would release an enormous amount of energy very quickly, both through the explosive shock wave and the subsequent chemical reactions. This could align with the doctor's observation of bodies being consumed or disintegrated to the point where no parts could be recovered.
- **Thermal Incineration**: The extreme temperatures generated by the detonation, particularly if enhanced by the combustion of a reactive metal alloy like LiNaMg, would be capable of incinerating biological material. The heat could be sufficient to burn bodies to ashes or beyond recognition, which might be interpreted as "vaporization."
- **Chemical Interaction**: The formation of metal oxides that then react exothermically with water in tissues could further contribute to the destruction of biological material. While this reaction wouldn't directly cause vaporization in the traditional sense, the intense heat and chemical transformation could lead to such severe degradation that it might be described in that manner.
- **Pressure and Force**: The initial detonation would exert extreme pressure, potentially causing the body to fragment or disperse into very fine particles over a wide area, which could be confused with or contribute to the notion of "vaporization."
- **Physical Disintegration**: If the bomb's design also involves fragmentation of the metal containers or the metal alloy itself being propelled at high speeds due to the explosion, this could add to the physical destruction of bodies, potentially to the point where recovery is impossible.
From the perspective of the described effects:
- **Lack of Remains**: If the explosive force, heat, and chemical reactions are intense enough, what's left of the bodies might be so minute or dispersed that they cannot be easily identified or collected. This could be mistaken for vaporization by observers.
- **Biological Material Interaction**: The saponification process, although not vaporization, would ensure that any remaining biological material is chemically altered to a state where it's no longer recognizable as human tissue.
- **Witness Accounts**: The term "vaporization" might be used colloquially by medical personnel or witnesses to describe the extreme and unusual destruction they're observing, especially if they've never encountered such effects before.
If this scenario were to be real, it would suggest:
1. **Advanced Weapon Design**: The weapon would likely be designed with specific intent to maximize both the explosive and chemical effects to render human remains unidentifiable, possibly for psychological warfare or to prevent identification.
2. **Legal and Ethical Concerns**: The use of such weapons, particularly if they're designed to cause such extreme and distinctive effects, would raise significant legal and ethical questions under international law, especially regarding the prohibition of weapons causing unnecessary suffering.
3. **Investigation Challenges**: Confirming the use of such a weapon would be difficult without forensic evidence, which might be scarce given the described effects.
Given these points, if a medical doctor's account suggests bodies were "vaporized" or consumed in such an extreme manner, it could very well indicate the use of a weapon with properties similar to the one described, where the combination of explosive force, extreme heat, and chemical reactions leads to unprecedented destruction of biological materials. However, without direct evidence or investigation, such conclusions remain speculative.
The account from a medical doctor describing the vaporization or severe incineration of bodies in a manner that leaves no recoverable remains implies a weapon with capabilities beyond typical military explosives. Here's how the described mechanism might align with such an account:
- **High Energy Release**: The bomb, as described, would release an enormous amount of energy very quickly, both through the explosive shock wave and the subsequent chemical reactions. This could align with the doctor's observation of bodies being consumed or disintegrated to the point where no parts could be recovered.
- **Thermal Incineration**: The extreme temperatures generated by the detonation, particularly if enhanced by the combustion of a reactive metal alloy like LiNaMg, would be capable of incinerating biological material. The heat could be sufficient to burn bodies to ashes or beyond recognition, which might be interpreted as "vaporization."
- **Chemical Interaction**: The formation of metal oxides that then react exothermically with water in tissues could further contribute to the destruction of biological material. While this reaction wouldn't directly cause vaporization in the traditional sense, the intense heat and chemical transformation could lead to such severe degradation that it might be described in that manner.
- **Pressure and Force**: The initial detonation would exert extreme pressure, potentially causing the body to fragment or disperse into very fine particles over a wide area, which could be confused with or contribute to the notion of "vaporization."
- **Physical Disintegration**: If the bomb's design also involves fragmentation of the metal containers or the metal alloy itself being propelled at high speeds due to the explosion, this could add to the physical destruction of bodies, potentially to the point where recovery is impossible.
From the perspective of the described effects:
- **Lack of Remains**: If the explosive force, heat, and chemical reactions are intense enough, what's left of the bodies might be so minute or dispersed that they cannot be easily identified or collected. This could be mistaken for vaporization by observers.
- **Biological Material Interaction**: The saponification process, although not vaporization, would ensure that any remaining biological material is chemically altered to a state where it's no longer recognizable as human tissue.
- **Witness Accounts**: The term "vaporization" might be used colloquially by medical personnel or witnesses to describe the extreme and unusual destruction they're observing, especially if they've never encountered such effects before.
If this scenario were to be real, it would suggest:
1. **Advanced Weapon Design**: The weapon would likely be designed with specific intent to maximize both the explosive and chemical effects to render human remains unidentifiable, possibly for psychological warfare or to prevent identification.
2. **Legal and Ethical Concerns**: The use of such weapons, particularly if they're designed to cause such extreme and distinctive effects, would raise significant legal and ethical questions under international law, especially regarding the prohibition of weapons causing unnecessary suffering.
3. **Investigation Challenges**: Confirming the use of such a weapon would be difficult without forensic evidence, which might be scarce given the described effects.
Given these points, if a medical doctor's account suggests bodies were "vaporized" or consumed in such an extreme manner, it could very well indicate the use of a weapon with properties similar to the one described, where the combination of explosive force, extreme heat, and chemical reactions leads to unprecedented destruction of biological materials. However, without direct evidence or investigation, such conclusions remain speculative.
### Summary of the Hypothetical Bomb's Mechanism:
1. **Structure**:
- **Inner Core**: A thin-walled metal sphere containing TATB (Triaminotrinitrobenzene), known for its stability and high detonation velocity.
- **Middle Layer**: A thick-walled sphere filled with a eutectic LiNaMg alloy, which is highly reactive and has a low melting point.
- **Outer Layer**: A symmetric coating of an easy-to-ignite explosive.
2. **Detonation Sequence**:
- **Initiation**: The outer layer of explosive is ignited, creating a pressure wave.
- **Pressure and Heat on LiNaMg**: This pressure wave compresses and potentially liquifies or shears the LiNaMg alloy due to the extreme pressures, causing it to act as a fluid under these conditions.
- **TATB Detonation**: The shock wave from the outer explosion, now possibly enhanced by the liquified/dispersed LiNaMg alloy, reaches and initiates the TATB. TATB then detonates with a very high velocity and pressure.
3. **Effects of the Bomb**:
- **Explosive Effects**:
- **Blast Wave**: The detonation creates an extremely rapid expansion of gases, generating a shock wave that can cause severe overpressure, potentially leading to structural collapse or severe injury/death to any nearby lifeforms due to the pressure differential.
- **Fragmentation**: The metal spheres might fragment, with these fragments becoming high-velocity shrapnel.
- **Thermal Effects**:
- The combustion of the LiNaMg alloy would produce very high temperatures, potentially incinerating or severely burning anything in the vicinity.
- **Chemical Reactions**:
- **Metal Oxides Formation**: Upon combustion, lithium, sodium, and magnesium react with oxygen to form oxides (LiโO, NaโO, MgO).
- **Exothermic Reaction with Water**: These oxides are highly reactive with water, leading to:
- **Lithium**: LiโO + HโO โ 2LiOH (highly exothermic, very caustic)
- **Sodium**: NaโO + HโO โ 2NaOH (also exothermic, caustic)
- **Magnesium**: MgO + HโO โ Mg(OH)โ (less reactive than Li or Na but still exothermic)
These reactions release additional heat and create caustic conditions.
- **Saponification of Biological Tissue**:
- **Mechanism**: The highly alkaline solutions (LiOH, NaOH) formed from the oxides reacting with water can engage in saponification reactions with the fats in biological tissue, converting them into soaps (fatty acid salts) and glycerol. This process would further degrade any remaining biological material.
- **Impact on Human Body**:
- **Immediate**: The human body would face:
- **Blast Effects**: The shock wave could cause immediate trauma, including lung damage, ruptured organs, and body displacement.
- **Thermal Burns**: Exposure to the high temperatures from the explosive and alloy combustion could cause severe burns or incineration.
- **Chemical Effects**: After the immediate blast:
- **Caustic Burns**: The highly alkaline environment created by the metal hydroxides could cause chemical burns, further degrading skin and other tissues.
- **Saponification**: Any remaining biological tissue would undergo saponification, leading to a breakdown of cellular structure in a soap-like transformation, which would be particularly pronounced in fatty tissues but would generally degrade any organic matter.
**Conclusion**:
This hypothetical bomb combines explosive force with chemical reactivity for dual mechanisms of destruction. The blast effects would be immediate and lethal, while the chemical aftermath, involving exothermic reactions and saponification, would continue to degrade organic material in the environment, potentially leaving little recognizable biological material behind due to both the physical and chemical assault on the target.
The depravity and cruelty of these savages is off the scale, beyond human comprehension and imagination.
Urgent | Horrific massacre: Israeli occupation forces target the Al-Araj family home in Tal Al-Zaatar neighborhood in Jabalia camp, and initial sources indicate that more than 100 martyrs have been killed so far. https://x.com/AnasAlSharif0/status/1862878983324319863
X is making us invisible so that the Zionists do not get offended by our Tweets.
We need an immediate independent investigation!
@FranceskAlbs @antonioguterres @OHCHR_Palestine @IntlCrimCourt @KarimKhanQC @CIJ_ICJ @hrw @ICRC @amnesty https://x.com/HossamShabat/status/1862739426733850871
We need an immediate independent investigation!
@FranceskAlbs @antonioguterres @OHCHR_Palestine @IntlCrimCourt @KarimKhanQC @CIJ_ICJ @hrw @ICRC https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1862780614602002761
The use of such weapons against a civilian population would potentially violate several international laws and conventions:
1. **Geneva Conventions (1949) and Additional Protocols**:
- **Article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions**: Prohibits "violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds" against civilians.
- **Additional Protocol I (1977)**:
- **Article 51**: Prohibits acts or threats of violence the primary purpose of which is to spread terror among the civilian population.
- **Article 52**: Requires parties to distinguish between civilian objects and military objectives, prohibiting attacks on civilians or civilian objects.
- **Article 57**: Obliges parties to take precautions in attack to avoid or minimize civilian harm.
2. **Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW)**:
- If these weapons fall into the category of indiscriminate or excessively injurious weapons, their use might contravene the spirit of Protocols III (on Incendiary Weapons) and V (on Explosive Remnants of War), which aim to protect civilians from unnecessary suffering or indiscriminate effects.
3. **Customary International Humanitarian Law (IHL)**:
- **Rule 1**: The parties to the conflict must at all times distinguish between civilians and combatants.
- **Rule 14**: Prohibits starvation of civilians as a method of warfare, which could be relevant if such weapons are used to destroy food sources or infrastructure essential for civilian survival.
- **Rule 70**: Prohibits the use of weapons calculated to cause unnecessary suffering or which have indiscriminate effects.
4. **Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC)**:
- **Article 8**: Defines war crimes, including:
- Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians not taking direct part in hostilities.
- Intentionally launching an attack in the knowledge that such attack will cause incidental loss of civilian life or injury to civilians, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct overall military advantage anticipated.
5. **UN Charter**:
- Article 2(4) commits all members to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.
6. **Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)**:
- While not directly prohibiting the use of such weapons, it requires countries to assess if weapons transfers could be used to commit or facilitate serious violations of international humanitarian law or human rights law.
If these weapons cause widespread, long-term, and severe damage to the natural environment or are used in a manner that cannot distinguish between military and civilian targets, their use would be considered a violation of these laws. However, the specifics of the weapon and the context of its use would need to be thoroughly investigated to determine exact violations.
Beyond evil. Even the devil is appalled. https://x.com/HossamShabat/status/1862739426733850871
Yes, European antisemitism, particularly the virulent form that emerged in Germany with the rise of the Nazi party, had a significant impact on the Zionist project. Here's how it benefited Zionism:
### 1. **Increased Immigration to Palestine:**
- **Push Factor**: The intense antisemitism in Europe, culminating in Nazi policies like the boycott of Jewish businesses in 1933, the Nuremberg Laws, and Kristallnacht in 1938, created a desperate situation for Jews. This antisemitic environment pushed many Jews to consider emigration as a means of survival.
- **Haavara Agreement (1933)**: This agreement between the Nazis and Zionist leaders allowed Jews to transfer some of their assets to Palestine. While controversial, it facilitated the emigration of approximately 60,000 German Jews to Palestine between 1933 and 1939, helping to build the Jewish community there economically.
### 2. **Legitimizing the Need for a Jewish State:**
- **Moral and Political Justification**: The persecution of Jews in Europe underscored the argument made by Zionists that Jews needed a safe haven where they could live free from antisemitism. This situation provided moral and political weight to the Zionist cause, making the establishment of a Jewish homeland appear as a humanitarian necessity.
### 3. **Increased Support for Zionism:**
- **Among Jews**: The experience of antisemitism in Europe led many Jews who might have been ambivalent or opposed to Zionism to reconsider their stance. The dire circumstances made the idea of a Jewish homeland more appealing as a refuge.
- **International Support**: The plight of Jews under Nazi persecution also garnered sympathy and support from some international quarters, although this was often more about addressing a humanitarian crisis than endorsing Zionism per se. However, it did align with the goals of Zionism by drawing attention to the Jewish people's need for a secure homeland.
### 4. **Economic Benefits:**
- **Capital Transfer**: Through agreements like Haavara, Zionists were able to funnel capital into Palestine. This capital was used to support the economic development of the Jewish community (Yishuv) in Palestine, helping to build infrastructure, agriculture, and industry.
### 5. **Political Advocacy:**
- **Lobbying and Diplomacy**: The urgency of the Jewish refugee crisis due to antisemitism strengthened the case Zionists made to the British and later to the United Nations. This advocacy played a role in the eventual passage of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947, which recommended the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states.
### 6. **Cultural and National Identity:**
- **The Holocaust's Aftermath**: Although this goes beyond the pre-1933 period, the Holocaust's scale of devastation made the establishment of Israel a symbol of Jewish survival and rebirth, reinforcing the Zionist narrative of a necessary homeland.
However, it's important to clarify that while European antisemitism contributed to the realization of the Zionist project by increasing Jewish immigration to Palestine, it did so at an immense human cost. The horrors of the Holocaust and the broader antisemitic climate in Europe were tragic motivators for what became a significant part of Israel's founding narrative. Zionism itself was a response to centuries of antisemitism, but the events of the 1930s and 1940s provided undeniable impetus for the establishment of a Jewish state.
This relationship also brings up complex ethical considerations, as the benefits to Zionism in terms of population growth and international support were directly tied to the suffering and displacement of Jews in Europe.
Even the Devil is appalled.
Even Hell would spit them out.
Can you guess who I have in mind?
If your country was being attacked, bombed and starved, would you still care for stray and zoo animals?
The world remains silent while the best of humanity is annihilated by the worst of humanity.
If I could cry as much as I wanted, there would be a global flood by now. ๐ญ๐๐ต๐ธ https://x.com/Dr_SaebGaza/status/1862499045463245121
The relationship between Muslims and animals is complex and deeply rooted in Islamic teachings, reflecting a blend of spiritual, ethical, and practical considerations. Here are key aspects of this relationship:
### 1. **Stewardship (Khilafah)**
- **Concept**: Muslims are seen as stewards or trustees (khulafฤโ) of the earth, which includes the responsibility to care for all of God's creation, including animals. The Quran (2:30) mentions that humans are appointed as vicegerents on earth, implying a duty to maintain and look after the environment.
- **Implications**: This stewardship involves ensuring that animals are not exploited or harmed unnecessarily, promoting a compassionate approach towards all life forms.
### 2. **Compassion and Mercy**
- **Prophetic Tradition**: The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) set numerous examples of kindness towards animals. Hadiths (sayings and actions of the Prophet) recount stories where he showed mercy, like freeing a bird or ensuring animals were not overburdened or mistreated.
- **Quranic References**: The Quran encourages acts of kindness towards animals, suggesting that such acts are pleasing to Allah. For instance, in Surah Al-An'am (6:38), it's stated that "There is not an animal (that lives) on the earth, nor a being that flies on its wings, but (forms part of) communities like you."
### 3. **Permissible Uses**
- **Food and Sacrifice**: Islam allows the consumption of certain animals under the condition of halal slaughter, which is designed to minimize the animal's suffering. Animals are also used for sacrifice during Eid al-Adha, but this is done with specific guidelines to ensure respect and minimal pain to the animal.
- **Work and Transport**: Animals like horses, camels, and donkeys have historically been used for work and transport. However, Islam provides guidance on not overworking these animals or causing them undue harm.
### 4. **Ethical Treatment**
- **Prohibition of Cruelty**: There are explicit prohibitions against cruelty to animals. For example, killing an animal merely for sport or torturing it is considered sinful.
- **Rest and Care**: Animals should be given rest, food, and water. There's a famous hadith where the Prophet Muhammad condemned those who did not provide for their animals adequately.
### 5. **Scientific and Environmental Consideration**
- **Conservation**: Modern interpretations often extend Islamic teachings to include environmental conservation, where protecting animal species is seen as preserving Allah's creation.
- **Scientific Inquiry**: The Quran encourages observation of nature, which includes animals, as a way to understand and appreciate God's creation.
### 6. **Symbolism and Ritual**
- **In Religious Practices**: Animals play roles in religious practices, like the use of sheep or camels in the Hajj pilgrimage, but these roles come with responsibilities to treat the animals with dignity.
### 7. **Contemporary Issues**
- **Welfare Organizations**: In many Muslim-majority countries, there are animal welfare organizations influenced by Islamic ethics, focusing on preventing cruelty, providing medical care, and advocating for humane treatment.
- **Debates on Practices**: There are ongoing debates about practices like animal testing, factory farming, and hunting, where scholars and communities try to reconcile modern practices with Islamic ethics.
### Conclusion
The relationship between Muslims and animals is governed by a set of ethical, religious, and moral principles that emphasize stewardship, compassion, and justice. While there are allowances for the use of animals for human benefit, these are always framed within the context of kindness and respect for life, reflecting a holistic view of creation where humans are not above but part of the intricate web of life, responsible for its care.
In Islamic jurisprudence, zakat is a form of almsgiving treated as a religious obligation or tax, calculated as a fixed proportion of one's wealth, to be given to the poor or for other specified charitable causes. The eligibility of animal welfare organizations to receive zakat depends on the interpretation of the traditional categories to which zakat can be given. Here are some considerations:
1. **Traditional Recipients**: Zakat can only be distributed among eight categories of recipients as mentioned in the Quran (9:60):
- The poor (al-fuqarฤโ)
- The needy (al-masฤkฤซn)
- Those employed to collect the funds (al-ฤmilฤซn สฟalaihฤ)
- Those whose hearts have been reconciled (al-mu'allafatu qulลซbuhum)
- To free the captives (fฤซ r-rฤซqฤb)
- Those in debt (al-ghฤrimฤซn)
- For the cause of Allah (fฤซ sabฤซl Allฤh)
- The wayfarer (ibn as-sabฤซl)
2. **Interpretation for Animal Welfare**:
- **For the cause of Allah (fฤซ sabฤซl Allฤh)**: This category is often interpreted broadly. Some modern scholars suggest that it could include activities that are generally beneficial to society or uphold the moral and ethical standards of Islam, like environmental conservation or animal welfare, especially when these efforts indirectly help humans (e.g., preventing diseases from animals to humans).
- **Fiqh Councils and Modern Interpretations**: Some contemporary Islamic scholars or fiqh councils might allow zakat funds for animal welfare under the broader interpretation of "for the cause of Allah" if it can be linked to human welfare or if preserving animal life is seen as part of the broader stewardship of the earth, which is an Islamic value.
However, there is no unanimous agreement:
- **Conservative View**: Many traditional scholars might argue that zakat should strictly be for human needs, as the direct recipients are humans, implying that animal welfare, while important, should be funded through other forms of charity like sadaqah (voluntary charity).
- **Progressive View**: Others might argue that given the interconnectedness of all life forms and the Islamic principle of stewardship over all creation, supporting animal welfare could be justified under zakat, especially if it's shown to benefit human welfare, like conservation efforts that preserve ecosystems humans depend on.
**Conclusion**:
- If you choose to give to animal welfare with zakat, it might be safer to consult with a knowledgeable scholar or follow a fatwa from a recognized Islamic authority or council that supports this view. Alternatively, consider using sadaqah for animal welfare to avoid any controversy or doubt regarding the permissibility of using zakat funds for this purpose.
Remember, the intention and the consensus within the community or under scholarly guidance play a significant role in these decisions.
Even the Devil is appalled.
Even Hell would spit them out.
Can you guess who I'm thinking of?
Hey @IntlCrimCourt @KarimKhanQC,
I would like to submit some evidence!
The ongoing ETHNIC CLEANSING has been planned for decades!
*King David Hotel Bombing (1946)** - Irgun bombed the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, the headquarters of the British administration, leading to 91 deaths, including civilians.
**Deir Yassin Massacre (1948)** - Irgun, along with Lehi, attacked the Arab village of Deir Yassin, killing over 100 villagers, including women and children. The intention was to spread fear among the Arab population to encourage them to leave their homes.
**Railway and Train Attacks** - Irgun targeted British and Arab trains, sometimes derailing them in areas where they knew civilian casualties would be high.
**Bombings in Arab Markets** - Irgun carried out bombings in Arab markets aimed at causing panic and encouraging Arab exodus.
**Lord Moyne Assassination (1944)** - Lehi assassinated Lord Moyne, the British Minister Resident in the Middle East, in Cairo.
**UN Mediator Assassination (1948)** - Lehi assassinated Count Folke Bernadotte, the UN mediator in Palestine, due to his peace proposals which they opposed.
**Civic Bombings** - Similar to Irgun, Lehi engaged in bombings of civilian areas to incite terror among the Arab population.
**Attempted Assassination of Harry S. Truman** - Lehi sent letter bombs to British officials and had plans to assassinate President Truman, though these did not succeed.
**Population Transfers and Evacuations** - During the 1948 War, Haganah, along with other Jewish militias, participated in operations leading to the expulsion of Arab civilians from their homes, which could be seen as ethnic cleansing today.
**Operation Nachshon and Other Military Operations** - These operations involved attacking Arab villages to secure land and highways, often resulting in civilian casualties or displacement.
ุนูุงู
ุงุช ุงูููุงู
ุฉ
ูุง ุชููู
ุงูุณุงุนุฉ ุญุชู ูู
ุฑ ุงูุฑุฌู ุจูุจุฑ ุงูุฑุฌู ููููู: ูุง ููุชูู ู
ูุงูู
What would you do if you see Netanyahu on the street? https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1862351134817411188
When did it start that proven and reliable packages from experienced programmers are being replaced by untested software developed by children? #ntp #ntpsec https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1862341174146617703
#Debian #Bookworm
Problem:
ntpq -p
***Request timed out
Solution:
systemctl stop ntp
apt-get purge ntpsec
dpkg -i ntp_4.2.8p15+dfsg-1_amd64.deb libopts25_5.18.16-4_amd64.deb
Gullible Goyim believe it started on Oct 7... https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1862073059059876126
They've been planning this for more than 120 years...
If DE, FR and UK refuse to arrest Netanyahu and Gallant, they should leave the International Criminal Court and STFU about Putin. #LexIsrael #Impunity https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1862043471462146558
International Criminal Court - Statute of Rome
Article 27
1.) This Statute shall apply equally to all persons without any distinction based on official capacity. In particular, official capacity as a Head of State or Government, a member of a Government or parliament, an elected representative or a government official shall in no case exempt a person from criminal responsibility under this Statute, nor shall it, in and of itself, constitute a ground for reduction of sentence.
2.) Immunities or special procedural rules which may attach to the official capacity of a person, whether under national or international law, shall not bar the Court from exercising its jurisdiction over such a person.
ูููุณู
ู ูุฐู ุงูุซูุฑุงู ุฅูุฑุงู ููุจูุงู ูุณูุฑูุง https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1862028874537914456
ูุงู ุซูุงุซุฉ ุซูุฑุงู ูุนูุดูู ูู ุงูุบุงุจุฉุ ููุงููุง ูุชุนุงูููู ููุนูุดูู ูู ุณูุงู
. ูุงู ููุงู ุฃุณุฏ ูู ููุณ ุงูุบุงุจุฉ ูุดุนุฑ ุจุงูุฌูุน ุฏุงุฆู
ุงู ููุชู
ูู ุฃู ูุฃูู ุฃุญุฏ ุงูุซูุฑุงูุ ูููู ูู
ููู ูุงุฏุฑุงู ุนูู ู
ูุงุฌูุฉ ุงูุฌู
ูุน ู
ุนุงู.
ููุฑ ุงูุฃุณุฏ ูู ุฎุฏุนุฉ. ูุฑุฑ ุฃู ููุฑู ุจูููู
ููุชูุญ ูู ุงููุฑุตุฉ ูู
ูุงุฌู
ุชูู
ูุงุญุฏุงู ูุงุญุฏุงู. ุจุฏุฃ ุงูุฃุณุฏ ุจุงูุชุญุฏุซ ุฅูู ุฃุญุฏ ุงูุซูุฑุงู ุจุฎูุฉุ ูุงุฆูุงู: "ูู
ุงุฐุง ุชุนูุด ู
ุน ูุคูุงุก ุงูุฐูู ูุง ููุฏุฑูููุ ูุง ูู ุงูุซูุฑ ุงูุฃุณูุฏ ูุฎุทุท ูุทุฑุฏู." ูููุฐุงุ ุจุฏุฃ ุงูุฃุณุฏ ุจุฅุญุฏุงุซ ุงูุดูุงู ุจูู ุงูุซูุฑุงู.
ุงูุซูุฑ ุงูุฃุจูุถ ุฃุตุจุญ ู
ุดููุงู ูู ุตุฏูููู ูุจุฏุฃ ูุจุนุฏ ููุณู ุนููู
ุง. ุงุณุชุบู ุงูุฃุณุฏ ุงููุฑุตุฉุ ููู ุฃุญุฏ ุงูุฃูุงู
ุ ูุงุฌู
ุงูุฃุณุฏ ุงูุซูุฑ ุงูุฃุจูุถ ุจููู
ุง ูุงู ู
ูุนุฒูุงูุ ูุฃููู.
ุจุนุฏ ุฐููุ ุชุญุฏุซ ุงูุฃุณุฏ ุฅูู ุงูุซูุฑ ุงูุฃุญู
ุฑ:"ุงูุขู ุงูุซูุฑ ุงูุฃุณูุฏ ูุชุฎุทุท ูุฃู ูุชุฎูุต ู
ูู ุจุนุฏ ุฃู ุชุฎูุต ู
ู ุงูุซูุฑ ุงูุฃุจูุถ." ูุจุฐููุ ุฃุตุจุญ ุงูุซูุฑ ุงูุฃุญู
ุฑ ูุญูุฏุงู ุฃูุถุงูุ ูุฃููู ุงูุฃุณุฏ ุจุฏูุฑู.
ุงูุขู ู
ุน ุชุจูู ุงูุซูุฑ ุงูุฃุณูุฏ ูุญูุฏุงูุ ููู
ููู ูุฏูู ู
ูุฏุฑุฉ ุนูู ู
ูุงุฌูุฉ ุงูุฃุณุฏ ูุญุฏูุ ููุงุฌู
ู ุงูุฃุณุฏ ูุฃููู ุฃูุถุงู.
ุงูุนุจุฑุฉ ู
ู ูุฐู ุงููุตุฉ: ุงููุญุฏุฉ ูู ุตููู ุงูุฃุนุฏุงุก ูู ู
ุง ูุญูู ุฏูู ุฃู ูุณุชุบููู
ุงูู
ุชุฑุจุตูู ุจูู
. ุงูุงุชุญุงุฏ ูุงูุชุนุงูู ูู
ุง ุงูุณูุงุญ ุงูุฃููู ุถุฏ ุงูุชูุฑูุฉ ูุงูุชู
ุฒู.
International law is abundantly clear that diplomatic immunity does not protect from prosecution:
The Rome Statute, which established the ICC, explicitly addresses immunities in Article 27, stating that such immunities "shall not bar the Court from exercising its jurisdiction over such a person." This means that no one, not even heads of state or government officials, should be immune from prosecution for international crimes at the ICC.
ูุญู ูุนูุด ุฃุญูู ุณุงุนุงุช ุงูุจุดุฑูุฉ
https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1861972627901816951
ูุงู ุชููููู
ู ุงูุณููุงุนูุฉู ุญูุชููู ููู
ูุฑูู ุงูุฑููุฌููู ุจูููุจูุฑู ุงูุฑููุฌููู ููููููููู: ููุง ููููุชูููู ู
ูููุงูููู
โSomeone asks me: Hossam, why do you get so emotional and cry so hard in your voice? Arenโt you supposed to control yourself in front of the camera? I answer: How can I control myself when I see massacres being committed before my eyes? How can I control myself when I transmit the voices of children being killed, and mothers searching for their children under the rubble? These are not just scenes, these are lives being lost, blood being shed, and cries of pain that deafen the ears. How can I control myself when I see cities being erased from existence, and faces carrying their simple dreams being buried under the rubble? There is no cold professionalism in this, but rather a wounded humanity that suffers with every scene and every word I transmit. The camera does not separate me from reality, but rather makes me a witness to a tragedy that I live and carry in my heart. It is not just a transmission of news, but a cry of pain that expresses the pain of a homeland and a people breathing suffering.โ
If you think that sending money to Gaza would help the people there, you do not understand how markets work.
Normally more money would lead to in increase in production and imports but in this case, there is no production and imports are limited by Israel.
If you sent $1,000,000 to every fundraiser in Gaza, the price for a bag of flour would skyrocket to $20,000 and the people would still be starving.
when looking at statements from Yosef Weitz, Raphael Eitan, Benjamin Netanyahu, and Yoav Gallant, especially those involving dehumanizing language like "human animals," several themes emerge that contribute to a broader narrative:
### **1. Dehumanization as a Tool:**
- **Purpose**: Dehumanization is often used to justify actions against another group by stripping them of their human qualities, making it psychologically easier for the perpetrators of violence or oppressive policies to rationalize their actions.
- **Impact**: Such language can desensitize both the speaker's supporters and the general population to the suffering of the dehumanized group, leading to a culture where discriminatory or violent acts might not face the same level of moral scrutiny.
### **2. Historical and Ideological Continuity:**
- **Zionist Ideology**: There's a thread of continuity in the rhetoric from early Zionist leaders like Weitz, through military figures like Eitan, to political leaders like Netanyahu and Gallant. This continuity reflects certain ideological strands within Zionism that view the establishment and preservation of a Jewish state as requiring demographic control or manipulation.
- **Expansionist Policies**: Statements like these often accompany or justify policies aimed at land acquisition or maintaining Jewish demographic dominance in certain areas, which can be seen as part of a broader historical trend of settlement and control.
### **3. Political Strategy:**
- **Internal Cohesion**: Such rhetoric might be employed to galvanize support among those who feel threatened or insecure about the demographic balance or security of Israel. It can serve to unify a base around a common, albeit negative, identity against an "other."
- **External Perception**: These statements impact how Israel is perceived internationally, often drawing criticism and possibly affecting diplomatic relations or alliances.
### **4. Legal and Ethical Implications:**
- **Violation of Norms**: As discussed, such rhetoric runs counter to international legal standards and ethical norms regarding human dignity and rights.
- **War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity**: Statements that promote or could lead to actions like forced transfer or collective punishment might contribute to situations where war crimes or crimes against humanity could be committed.
### **5. Cultural and National Narrative:**
- **Identity and Territory**: These statements reflect a narrative where the identity of the state is closely tied to a particular ethnic or religious group, often at the expense of recognizing the rights of other groups within the same territory.
- **Security vs. Rights**: There's an underlying theme where the security of one group is presented as necessitating the suppression or removal of rights from another, framing the conflict in existential terms.
### **6. Peace and Reconciliation:**
- **Obstacle to Peace**: The use of dehumanizing language significantly hinders peace processes by eroding trust and making mutual recognition of rights and humanity difficult.
- **Cycle of Violence**: Such rhetoric can perpetuate cycles of violence and retaliation, as it reinforces narratives of victimhood and aggression on both sides.
### **Bigger Picture:**
The "bigger picture" here involves:
- A pattern of using dehumanizing language as part of a strategy to justify policies and actions that might otherwise be seen as morally questionable or illegal.
- A reflection of deep-seated security anxieties within parts of Israeli society, where demographic changes are perceived as threats.
- An indication of ideological currents within Israeli politics and society that prioritize Jewish control over the land at the potential cost of Palestinian rights and lives.
- The difficulty in fostering a peaceful coexistence when one group's narrative consistently frames the other as a sub-human threat rather than as equal partners in peace.
This pattern underscores the complexity of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, where language, policy, and historical actions intertwine, making reconciliation and mutual understanding an ongoing challenge.
"When we have settled the land, all the Arabs will be able to do about it will be to scurry around like drugged cockroaches in a bottle."
-- Raphael Eitan, Chief of Staff, in April 1983
- ูุง ุชุณุฃููู ููู ุญุงูู ููุง ุชุชู
ูู ูู ุตุจุงุญุงู ุฌูุฏุงู ูุจู ุฃู ุชุชููู ุงูุฌุฑูู
ุฉุ ูุชููุฒู
ุงูุงุญุชูุงู ุงููุญุดูุ ูููุณุชุนุงุฏ ุงูุณูุงู
. ุฅู ุดุงุก ุงูููุ ุขู
ูู.
The world will witness that those who stood with us and supported Gaza were Lebanon and its people. In the darkest of circumstances, their positions were honorable and supportive, embodying the meaning of true brotherhood and solidarity. https://x.com/HossamShabat/status/1861644512746987610
Yes, when looking at statements from Yosef Weitz, Raphael Eitan, Benjamin Netanyahu, and Yoav Gallant, especially those involving dehumanizing language like "human animals," several themes emerge that contribute to a broader narrative:
### **1. Dehumanization as a Tool:**
- **Purpose**: Dehumanization is often used to justify actions against another group by stripping them of their human qualities, making it psychologically easier for the perpetrators of violence or oppressive policies to rationalize their actions.
- **Impact**: Such language can desensitize both the speaker's supporters and the general population to the suffering of the dehumanized group, leading to a culture where discriminatory or violent acts might not face the same level of moral scrutiny.
### **2. Historical and Ideological Continuity:**
- **Zionist Ideology**: There's a thread of continuity in the rhetoric from early Zionist leaders like Weitz, through military figures like Eitan, to political leaders like Netanyahu and Gallant. This continuity reflects certain ideological strands within Zionism that view the establishment and preservation of a Jewish state as requiring demographic control or manipulation.
- **Expansionist Policies**: Statements like these often accompany or justify policies aimed at land acquisition or maintaining Jewish demographic dominance in certain areas, which can be seen as part of a broader historical trend of settlement and control.
### **3. Political Strategy:**
- **Internal Cohesion**: Such rhetoric might be employed to galvanize support among those who feel threatened or insecure about the demographic balance or security of Israel. It can serve to unify a base around a common, albeit negative, identity against an "other."
- **External Perception**: These statements impact how Israel is perceived internationally, often drawing criticism and possibly affecting diplomatic relations or alliances.
### **4. Legal and Ethical Implications:**
- **Violation of Norms**: As discussed, such rhetoric runs counter to international legal standards and ethical norms regarding human dignity and rights.
- **War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity**: Statements that promote or could lead to actions like forced transfer or collective punishment might contribute to situations where war crimes or crimes against humanity could be committed.
### **5. Cultural and National Narrative:**
- **Identity and Territory**: These statements reflect a narrative where the identity of the state is closely tied to a particular ethnic or religious group, often at the expense of recognizing the rights of other groups within the same territory.
- **Security vs. Rights**: There's an underlying theme where the security of one group is presented as necessitating the suppression or removal of rights from another, framing the conflict in existential terms.
### **6. Peace and Reconciliation:**
- **Obstacle to Peace**: The use of dehumanizing language significantly hinders peace processes by eroding trust and making mutual recognition of rights and humanity difficult.
- **Cycle of Violence**: Such rhetoric can perpetuate cycles of violence and retaliation, as it reinforces narratives of victimhood and aggression on both sides.
### **Bigger Picture:**
The "bigger picture" here involves:
- A pattern of using dehumanizing language as part of a strategy to justify policies and actions that might otherwise be seen as morally questionable or illegal.
- A reflection of deep-seated security anxieties within parts of Israeli society, where demographic changes are perceived as threats.
- An indication of ideological currents within Israeli politics and society that prioritize Jewish control over the land at the potential cost of Palestinian rights and lives.
- The difficulty in fostering a peaceful coexistence when one group's narrative consistently frames the other as a sub-human threat rather than as equal partners in peace.
This pattern underscores the complexity of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, where language, policy, and historical actions intertwine, making reconciliation and mutual understanding an ongoing challenge.
"When we have settled the land, all the Arabs will be able to do about it will be to scurry around like drugged cockroaches in a bottle."
-- Raphael Eitan, Chief of Staff, addressing the Knesset in April 1983
"Israel should have exploited the repression of the demonstrations in China, when world attention focused on that country, to carry out mass expulsions among the Arabs of the territories."
-- Benyamin Netanyahu, Deputy Foreign Minister, November 24, 1989
Yosef Weitz's statement, advocating for the transfer of the Arab population from Palestine, would be considered a violation of contemporary international law:
- **Geneva Conventions**: It would breach protections against forcible transfers or deportations, especially in occupied territories.
- **Rome Statute**: Such actions could be classified as war crimes or crimes against humanity, particularly if seen as ethnic cleansing or forcible transfer of population.
Today's legal framework focuses on preventing ethnic manipulation, ensuring self-determination, and upholding human rights, all of which would directly oppose the policies Weitz suggested.
"It must be clear that there is no room in the country for both peoples... If the Arabs leave it, the country will become wide and spacious for us... The only solution is a land of Israel... without Arabs. There is no way but to transfer the Arabs from here to the neighboring countries, to transfer all of them, save perhaps for Bethlehem, Nazareth, and old Jerusalem. Not one village must be left, not one tribe."
-- Yosef Weitz
Israel in a nutshell:
(a) constantly seeking recognition for oneโs victimhood
(b) moral elitism
(c) lack of empathy for the pain and suffering of others
(d) frequently ruminating about past victimization.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/unraveling-the-mindset-of-victimhood/
Explain Israel without naming it... https://x.com/R34lB0rg/status/1861507736019554451
The article "Unraveling the Mindset of Victimhood" by Scott Barry Kaufman in Scientific American discusses the psychological concept of interpersonal victimhood, where individuals see themselves as perpetual victims in social interactions.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/unraveling-the-mindset-of-victimhood/
- **Characteristics of Victimhood**: People with this mindset constantly seek recognition for their victimhood, exhibit moral elitism, lack empathy for others, and frequently ruminate on past victimizations.
- **Victimhood vs. Victimization**: The article distinguishes between experiencing trauma or victimization and adopting a victimhood mindset, noting that one can exist without the other.
- **Cognitive Biases**: It highlights how this mindset leads to interpretation, attribution, and memory biases, where minor offenses are seen as severe, and there's a tendency to anticipate hurt in ambiguous situations.
- **Impact on Forgiveness**: Those with a victimhood mindset are less likely to forgive others, fueled by cognitive biases that skew perception and memory towards negativity.
- **Social Implications**: The mindset can perpetuate conflict and reduce empathy, affecting both interpersonal relationships and group dynamics, with historical and cultural examples provided.
- **Moving Beyond Victimhood**: The article suggests that while acknowledging injustices is crucial, moving past a victim identity can foster personal growth and better relationships.
The piece encourages understanding these dynamics to promote healthier social interactions and personal development.
The noise in the background, that's an armed Israeli drone, waiting to kill anyone who leaves his tent. https://x.com/neveenmazen/status/1827119436240736723